Hydrogen peroxide solution 30 w w in h2o h2o2

Twincretin was obtained from the Richard DiMarchi Research Group at Indiana University Bloomington. Ex-4 and GIP were purchased from AnaSpec Inc. (Fremont, CA, USA). Human Pro3GIP was purchased from Abgent (San Diego, CA, USA). Exendin Fragment 9–39 (Ex 9–39), L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt hydrate (glutamate), and hydrogen peroxide solution 30% (w/w) in H₂O (H₂O₂) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hydrochloric acid was purchased from Phoenix Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Burlingame, CA, USA) and Triton X-100 was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).

Ex-4 (cat#AS-24464), GLP-1(7–36) amide (cat#AS-22463), GLP-1(9–36) amide (cat#AS-65070), and the GLP-1R antagonist Exendin (9–39) (cat#AS-24468) were purchased from AnaSpec Inc. (Fremont, CA, USA). L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt hydrate (glutamate) (cat#G1626), Triton-X 100 (cat#T9284), and hydrogen peroxide solution 30% (w/w) in H₂O (H₂O₂) (cat#H1009) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St. Louis, MO, USA). Protein kinase A inhibitor H89 dihydrochloride (cat#2910) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor Dorsomorphin dihydrochloride (also known as Compound C) (cat#3093) were from Tocris Bioscience (Minneapolis, MN, USA).