Escitalopram oxalate esc

All animals were randomly allocated into groups. With the exception of those in the control group, all animals were subjected to the mild stress protocol in an unpredictable manner for 8 weeks (Fig. S1). The protocol consisted of seven stressors: water deprivation for 24 h, food deprivation for 24 h, restraint stress for 3 h, overnight illumination for 12 h, crowding mice into an empty bottle (6 h), stroboscopic lighting (12 h), and a soiled cage environment (500 mL water added to 250 g sawdust bedding) for 24 h. After the initial 4 weeks of exposure to mild stress, the animals were administered either ESC or vehicle. Escitalopram oxalate (ESC, Sigma–Aldrich, Saint Louis, USA) was dissolved in distilled water and administered by oral gavage at a dose of 10 mg/kg^{25 (link),26 (link)}. Oral gavage was performed by using a reusable, straight, 7-gauge stainless steel feeding needle. Drug or vehicle was administrated once daily for 4 weeks at 8:00 AM. Stress was continued during the entire period of treatment, and the animals treated with ESC were segregated into drug responders and drug non-responders.

1-[2-[Bis-4(fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4–3-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine hydrochloride (GBR 12,909, Abcam Biochemicals, Cambridge, UK), L-butionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), and escitalopram oxalate (ESC, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) were dissolved in 0.9% NaCl, while aripiprazole (Abcam Biochemicals, Cambridge, UK) was dissolved in 0.1 M tartaric acid. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 6–7 with 0.1 N NaOH. ESC (5 mg/kg, ip) and aripiprazole (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, ip) were administered once daily for 21 days using intraperitoneal (ip) injections in a volume of 2 ml/kg. All doses of drugs used in the present study were selected based on our earlier publications [34 (link), 35 ].