Whole-cell lysates were prepared using RIPA buffer (Sigma) containing protease inhibitor cocktail, and protein concentration was assessed by BCA colormetric protein determination (Pierce). Equal protein loads were resolved on precast 4% to 12% Bis-Tris gels under reducing conditions. Protein was transferred to nitrocellulose membranes using iBlot dry transfer method (Invitrogen), then probed with primary antibody anti-RAD51C (sc-398819 1:1,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-RAD51D n-terminal (ab202063 1:1,000; Abcam), anti-RAD51D c-terminal (sc-398819 1:1,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-GAPDH (#5174 1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology), anti-tubulin (#2128 1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology) or anti-actin (ab8229 1:1,000; Abcam) followed by peroxidase-labeled secondary antibody (sc-2020 1:5,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence (SuperSignal Chemiluminescent Substrate; Thermo Scientific) or IRDye-labeled secondary antibody (LI-COR Biotechnology) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Band volume analysis was conducted using Odyssey Fc (LI-COR Biotechnology).
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