Neochlorogenic 3 caffeoylquinic acid

The following standards were used for identification of compounds: glucose, fructose, sucrose, sorbitol, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, ( −)-epicatechin and ( +)-catechin from Fluka Chemie GmbH (Buchs, Switzerland); neochlorogenic (3-caffeoylquinic) acid, chlorogenic (5-caffeoylquinic) acid and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside from Sigma–Aldrich Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA). Standards of chlorophyll a and b, neoxanthin, lutein, violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin and β-carotene were from DHI LAB products (Hørsholm, Denmark). Methanol for the extraction of phenolics and acetone for the extraction of chloroplast pigments was acquired from Sigma–Aldrich Chemical. The chemicals for the mobile phases were HPLC–MS grade acetonitrile and formic acid from Fluka, acetone and ethyl acetate from Merck Chemical GmbH. Water for the mobile phase was double distilled and purified with the Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).

The following standards were used to identify and quantify compounds: glucose, fructose, sucrose, sorbitol, citric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid and shikimic acid, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin- and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, (–)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, p-coumaric acid, procyanidin B2, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (keracyanin), pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside from Fluka Chemie GmbH (Buchs, Switzerland); neochlorogenic (3-caffeoylquinic) acid, chlorogenic (5-caffeoylquinic) acid, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside from Sigma–Aldrich Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methanol for the extraction of phenolics was obtained from Sigma–Aldrich Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA). The chemicals for the mobile phases were HPLC–MS grade acetonitrile and formic acid purchased from Fluka Chemie GmbH (Buchs, Switzerland). The water for the mobile phase was double distilled and purified using the Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).

All chemicals used for extraction and analysis of TP, TNF, and TF were HPLC graded and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MI, USA). For spectrofotometrical analysis of antioxidant activity, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl picryhydrazyl), ABTS (2,20-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and FRAP (ferric-2,4,6-tripyridyl-D-triazine) complexes were used.
The external standards used in LC-MS assays were: caffeic acid, apigenin-7-glucoside, ferulic acid, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, neochlorogenic (3-caffeoylquinic) acid, naringenin, ellagic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MI, USA) Chemie; (-)epicatechin, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, p-coumaric acid, procyanidin B1, and kaempferol-O-glucoside from Fluka Chemie; quercetin-3-O-xyloside and quercetin-3-O-arabinopyranoside from Apin Chemicals (Abingdon, UK); and isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside from Extrasynthese (Genay, France).