Acetic acid

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, India, China, France, Spain, Switzerland, Poland, Sao Tome and Principe, Australia, Canada, Ireland, Czechia, Brazil, Sweden, Belgium, Japan, Hungary, Mexico, Malaysia, Macao, Portugal, Netherlands, Finland, Romania, Thailand, Argentina, Singapore, Egypt, Austria, New Zealand, Bangladesh

Acetic acid is a colorless, vinegar-like liquid chemical compound. It is a commonly used laboratory reagent with the molecular formula CH3COOH. Acetic acid serves as a solvent, a pH adjuster, and a reactant in various chemical processes.

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Lab products found in correlation

Methanol, by Merck Group (628 mentions) Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (461 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (426 mentions) Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (391 mentions) Formic acid, by Merck Group (389 mentions) Ethanol, by Merck Group (339 mentions) Gallic acid, by Merck Group (240 mentions) Sodium acetate, by Merck Group (226 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (226 mentions) Chitosan, by Merck Group (208 mentions) Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (201 mentions) Ammonium acetate, by Merck Group (174 mentions) Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (163 mentions) Chloroform, by Merck Group (142 mentions) Acetone, by Merck Group (140 mentions) Sulfuric acid, by Merck Group (122 mentions) Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (121 mentions) Quercetin, by Merck Group (116 mentions) Ethyl acetate, by Merck Group (114 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (105 mentions)

3 557 protocols using acetic acid

Preparation of MBSH and Acetic Acid Solutions

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Acetonitrile (HPLC grade), p-toluene sulfonyl hydrazide (4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide/MBSH, 97%), acetic acid (100%), and formaldehyde (37% w/v in water, containing 10–15% methanol) were all purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Formic acid (99–100%) was purchased from VWR (Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA). The UHQ water (≤18 MΩ) was supplied in house by a Milli-Q direct 8 water purification system (Millipore, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA).
A MBSH solution in Acetonitrile (2 mg/mL) was prepared by dissolving 100 mg of MBSH in Acetonitrile to a volume of 50 mL. An acetic acid solution (200 μg/mL) was prepared by dissolving 10 μL of acetic acid in 50 mL of water. Methylthioninium chloride (MTC) samples 1–6 were provided by TauRx Therapeutics Ltd (Aberdeen, United Kingdom).

Delbono V., Larch C.P., Newlands K.C., Rhydderch S., Baddeley T.C, & Storey J.M. (2022). Novel Method of Analysis for the Determination of Residual Formaldehyde by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2022, 9171836.

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Ovine Tendon Collagen Extraction

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The collagen was extracted as described by Fauzi et al. [6 (link)]. Discarded ovine legs were collected from a local farm, and the tendon was cleaned of fascia and debris, isolated and stored at −80 °C until use. All procedures were carried out on ice flakes with cold reagents. In brief, tendon was pretreated by swelling overnight in 0.35 M (v/v) acetic acid (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) at 4 °C, followed by acetic acid hydrolysis via blending into a homogeneous solution. The solution was salted out overnight with sodium chloride (NaCl; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and then centrifuged at 5000 rpm in 4 °C to separate the precipitated protein. Dialysis tubes (14 kDa; Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA) were used to purify the collected collagen against distilled water, which was changed every 12 h at 4 °C for 72 h. Before lyophilization, the collagen was frozen at −80 °C for 6 h. After the dried collagen was weighed, it was reconstituted with chilled 0.35 M (v/v) acetic acid to a final concentration of 15 mg/mL.

Amirrah I.N., Zulkiflee I., Mohd Razip Wee M.F., Masood A., Siow K.S., Motta A, & Fauzi M.B. (2023). Plasma-Polymerised Antibacterial Coating of Ovine Tendon Collagen Type I (OTC) Crosslinked with Genipin (GNP) and Dehydrothermal-Crosslinked (DHT) as a Cutaneous Substitute for Wound Healing. Materials, 16(7), 2739.

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Proteome Analysis of Plant-Fungus Interaction

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The changes at the proteome level in the plant–fungus interaction were studied using sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). For SDS-PAGE, 250 µg/µL protein samples were loaded and run using Mini-PROTEAN Tetra Cell apparatus at 90 V (Bio–Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) in 12% gels with a molecular weight marker (Bench Mark^TM Protein ladder, Life Technologies, Bangalore, India). Gels were stained using a solution of 0.2% (w/v) Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), methanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) 40% (v/v) and acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) 10% (v/v) for 90 min and destained with a solution of methanol 40% (v/v) and acetic acid 10% (v/v) for 90 min and later stored in acetic acid 5% (v/v) at room temperature.

Jose R.C., Kanchal T., Louis B., Talukdar N.C, & Chowdhury D. (2023). Grain Characteristics, Moisture, and Specific Peptides Produced by Ustilaginoidea virens Contribute to False Smut Disease in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Biomolecules, 13(4), 669.

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Chitosan-PEG Hydrogel for Angiogenic Growth Factor Delivery

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Low molecular weight chitosan (448869 from sigma, molecular weight 50,000–190,000 Da, degree of deacetylation >75%), Polyethylene glycol (PEG) (20243.6, sigma average Molecular weight-1,305–1,595), formaldehyde, lysozyme, 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Acetic acid and Heparin was supplied from Merk. Acetic acid, Heparin, 2-propanol, and xylene was supplied from Merk. VEGF, bFGF and ELISA kits were procured from R and D biosystems. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Pan America. DMEM and Live/dead assay kit was from Invitrogen.

Vijayan A., A. S, & Kumar G.S. (2019). PEG grafted chitosan scaffold for dual growth factor delivery for enhanced wound healing. Scientific Reports, 9, 19165.

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HPLC Characterization of BNIPDaoct

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Sodium acetate and octanesulfonic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile (LiChrosolv HPLC grade), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and acetic acid were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Water from Arium water purification system (resistivity > 18 MΩ cm, Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany) was used for the preparation of solutions. Aqueous buffer (acetic acid/acetate 0.10 mol L -1 , pH 4.5, 0.010 mol L -1 octanesulfonic acid) was filtered through a 0.22 μm Millipore GVWP filter. Prior to use, the mobile phase was degassed in an ultrasonic bath for 15 min. PLGA (lactide:glycolide [65:35], molecular weight: 40,000-75,000 Da) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA; 87-89% hydrolyzed, molecular weight: 13,000-23,000 Da) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. BNIPDaoct, represented in Fig. S1, was synthesized as described previously [4] .

Segundo M.A., Abreu V.L., Osório M.V., Nogueira S., Lin P.K., Cordeiro-da-Silva A, & Lima S.A. (2016). Development and validation of HPLC method with fluorometric detection for quantification of bisnaphthalimidopropyldiaminooctane in animal tissues following administration in polymeric nanoparticles. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 120.

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Sulforhodamine B Colorimetric Assay for Cell Viability

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After delivering the electric pulses with and without 5 mM calcium chloride in HEPES buffer, 10⁴ cells per well were seeded into 96-well culture plates for 72 h incubation. After this time the medium was removed from the cells and 50 µL of 50% cold trichloroacetic acid (TCA, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added to each well and incubated for 1 h at 4 °C. Afterward, the plate was washed with water and then dried. Then, 50 µL of 0.4% sulforhodamine B (SRB, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) solution in 1% acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added to each well. Incubation was performed for 30 min at room temperature. Further, the plate was washed 5 times with 1% acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and dried. Finally, 150 µL of 10 mM TRIS solution (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added to each well. The absorbance reading at 492 nm wavelength was performed with a microplate reader (GloMax^® Discover, Promega, GmbH, Walldorf, Germany).

Szlasa W., Kiełbik A., Szewczyk A., Novickij V., Tarek M., Łapińska Z., Saczko J., Kulbacka J, & Rembiałkowska N. (2021). Atorvastatin Modulates the Efficacy of Electroporation and Calcium Electrochemotherapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(20), 11245.

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Synthesis of Chitosan-Gelatin Scaffold

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Synthesis of chitosan–gelatin by the freeze drying method:
Acetic acid and chitosan were purchased from Aldrich Chemicals, USA.
To make the chitosan–gelatin scaffold, chitosan was dissolved in 1 wt% aqueous Acetic acid at room temperature. The gelatin was dissolved in water at 42°C. These solutions were mixed in equal parts to obtain a final concentration of 1.5% chitosan and 0.5% gelatin each. The mixed solutions were poured into 10 cm tissue culture dishes to a depth of approximately 4 mm.
The scaffold was re-cross-linked for using with glutaraldehyde solution and lyophilized for 24 hours.
The solution was placed in −27°C freezer for 24 hours. The frozen solution was then dried for 36 hours. Grade ethanol series was used to eliminate the remains of Acetic acid and washed thrice and dried again.

Karimi Z., Ghorbani M., Hashemibeni B, & Bahramian H. (2015). Evaluation of the proliferation and viability rates of nucleus pulposus cells of human intervertebral disk in fabricated chitosan-gelatin scaffolds by freeze drying and freeze gelation methods. Advanced Biomedical Research, 4, 251.

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Antinociceptive Effect of Plant Extracts

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The antinociceptive effect was evaluated in mice using the acid acetic writhing test according to the procedures previously described.^{21 (link)} Animals were treated subcutaneously (s.c.) with the MLCM and MBCM extracts (100 or 200 mg kg⁻¹) 30 min prior to intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 1.0% acetic acid (0.1 mL 10 g⁻¹, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). The negative control received only vehicle (negative control group, s.c.). The mice were placed in separate boxes and, after the administration of the acetic acid, the number of writhes and stretching movements (contraction of the abdominal musculature and extension of the hind limbs) was counted at 5 min intervals for a period of 30 min. Antinociceptive activity was expressed as the writhing scores over 30 min.

Moreira B.O., de Carvalho A.L., Alves C.Q., Morbeck L.L., Cruz M.P., Yatsuda R., David J.P, & David J.M. (2019). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and biological activities of Cenostigma macrophyllum standardized extracts and determination and quantification of the main metabolites. RSC Advances, 9(70), 41256-41268.

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Amyloid-β oligomer formation protocol

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HFIP-treated Aβ_1-42 stored at -80°C in DMSO was oligomerised by dilution and vortexing in PBS followed by incubation overnight at 4°C [25 (link)]. Oligomer formation was confirmed by native tricine-SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Briefly, 2 μg oligomeric Aβ (oAβ) was resuspended in nondenaturing sample buffer (62.5 mM Tris-base, 25% glycerol, and 1% (w/v) Coomassie Blue R-250) and loaded onto a 10% acrylamide : bis-acrylamide gel and separated by electrophoresis alongside molecular weight markers. Gels were incubated with Coomassie stain (60 mg/l Coomassie Blue R-250 and 10% v/v acetic acid, both from Sigma-Aldrich, UK). Following 24 h destaining in 10% v/v acetic acid and 50% v/v methanol (Sigma-Aldrich, UK), gels were imaged using a ChemiDoc MP Imaging System (Bio-Rad Ltd., UK). Oligomeric Aβ migrated at approximately 35 kDa, indicating the presence of hexamers/heptamers (Supplementary Figure 1).

Wickstead E.S., Karim H.A., Manuel R.E., Biggs C.S., Getting S.J, & McArthur S. (2020). Reversal of β-Amyloid-Induced Microglial Toxicity In Vitro by Activation of Fpr2/3. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 2139192.

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Karyotyping of iPSC Clones

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Three iPSC clones were chosen for karyotyping. IPSC lines were plated in a 6-well plate. Each well was treated with 20 μL colcemid (GIBCO) for 2 hours in a 37°C incubator to arrest the mitotic cells in metaphase. Colonies were lifted with Accutase (Stem Cell Technologies, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) and subsequently centrifuged at 850 rpm for 3 minutes. The cell pellet was resuspended in 0.067 M KCl (Sigma) hypotonic solution and incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature. A 3:1 methanol (Fisher Scientific):acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) fixative solution was added to the hypotonic solution and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. This was followed by 3 treatments in a 3:1 methanol (Fisher Scientific):acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) fixative solution, with each treatment incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Samples were dropped onto clean wet slides and were aged in an oven at 90°F for 1–2 hours. Afterward, slides were immersed in Trypsin (HyClone) for 30–40 seconds and rinsed in FBS and saline. After an additional rinse in saline, slides were stained in 12.5% Giemsa (GIBCO) in Gurrs buffer (GIBCO) for 2–3 minutes. Slides were rinsed in distilled water and air-dried. Microscopic analysis included scanning of all slides, the count of a minimum of 20 metaphases, analysis of a minimum of 7 metaphases, and karyotyping a minimum of 2 metaphases.

Cary W.A., Hori C.N., Pham M.T., Nacey C.A., McGee J.L., Hamou M., Berman R.F., Bauer G., Nolta J.A, & Waldau B. (2015). Efficient Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem and Neural Progenitor Cells From Acutely Harvested Dura Mater Obtained During Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Surgery. World neurosurgery, 84(5), 1256-66.e1.

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