Foetal bovine serum (fbs)

We purchased HepG2 and Hep3B cells, human liver cancer cell lines, from the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Korea) and cultured with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM; 1×, liquid (high glucose); WELGENE Inc, Gyeongsan, Korea] containing 10% foetal bovine serum (WELGENE Inc) and 1% antibiotic antimycotic solution (WELGENE Inc) in 100‐mm dishes (SPL Life Sciences, Pocheon, Korea) under 5% CO₂ and 37ºC in a CO₂ incubator.

The murine macrophage RAW264.7 cell line was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA), cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (WELGENE Inc., Gyeongsan-si, South Korea), and supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (WELGENE Inc., Gyeongsan-si, South Korea) and a 1% antibiotic–antimycotic solution (Gibco, Waltham, MA) in a 5% CO₂ incubator at 37 °C. For treatment, the stock solution of PINE was initially added to the culture medium in the test tube, mixed thoroughly, and the DMSO concentration was adjusted to 0.5% in all culture mediums. Then, the cell culture medium was replaced with the mixed medium.

The murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, was used for cellular uptake assay, and murine embryonic fibroblast, NIH 3T3, was used as the control. The cell lines were purchased from the National Infrastructure of Cell Line Resource (Shanghai, China). The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) (Welgene, Daegu, Korea) and treated with 10% foetal bovine serum (Welgene, Daegu, Korea) under 5% of CO₂ and the temperature of 37℃. The cells were digested with 0.25% trypsin for passage every 2–3 days. The cells in logarithmic growth phase were used after being washing by phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (Origene Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuxi, China) for subsequent experiments. Before being mixed with MBs, RAW 264.7 cells were seeded in 6‐well plate and cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/ml) (Sigma‐Aldrich Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China) for 5h.
The following groups were set for flow cytometry, Western blot and immunofluorescence: Group 1: saline +NIH 3T3; Group 2: saline +RAW267.4; Group 3: Naked MBs +NIH 3T3; Group 4: Naked MBs +RAW264.7; Group 5: FITC‐NF‐κB‐targeted MBs +NIH 3T3; Group 6: FITC‐NF‐κB‐targeted MBs +RAW264.7.

U87, U373, and T98G cells were obtained from the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, South Korea) and U251 cell lines were kindly provided by Dr. Myung-Jin Park from the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS). TP53 status and short tandem repeat (STR) analysis of four GBM cell lines were examined by Macrogen, Inc. (Seoul, Korea) and Cosmogenetech, Ltd. (Seoul, Korea) (data not shown). The cells were cultured in Dulbecco`s Modified Eagle Medium (Welgene, Daegu, South Korea) containing 10% foetal bovine serum (Welgene) and 1% penicillin streptomycin (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 37℃, 5% CO₂. TTFields were generated using the positive and negative ends of two pairs of insulated wires connected to a high-voltage amplifier and electric field generator as described previously^{35 (link)}.

HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Korean Cell Line Bank, Seoul, Korea) were used to assess the antioxidant protein expression. Cells were grown in minimum essential medium (Welgene, Dea-gu, Korea) supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (Welgene), 100 U∙mL⁻¹ penicillin, and 100 μg∙mL⁻¹ streptomycin (Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA) at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂.

Human intestinal epithelial cells (HCT116) were routinely cultured in McCoy’s 5A (Welgene) medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat-inactivated foetal bovine serum (Welgene) and 1% (v/v) penicillin-streptomycin solution (Welgene). Cell lines were cultivated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in air.