S 4700 microscope

To determine surface properties, SR and SW were measured from all 72 specimens prior to the biofilm experiment. After drying, SR of each specimen was evaluated using a confocal laser scanning microscope (LSM 5 Pascal, Carl Zeiss MicroImaging GmbH, Göttingen, Germany) to allow calculation of the arithmetic mean SR from a mean plane in the sampling area (230 × 230 × 30 μm). The measurements were performed at three random points of each disk.
SW was determined by water contact angle, as measured using a sessile drop method with distilled deionized water. Since the degree of wetting increases as contact angle decreases, the contact angle is a useful inverse measurement of SW [15 (link)]. A video camera with an image analyzer (Phoenix 300; Surface Electro Optics, Suwon, Korea) visualized the shape of the drop and determined the contact angle. The right and left contact angles of each drop were averaged. All specimens were examined by the same operator.
Surface texture of each specimen was examined using SEM. Each surface was observed under a S-4700 microscope (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Representative images were collected at × 500 and × 3000 magnifications.

Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the obtained PBA precursors and catalysts were detected with an X'Pert Pro diffractometer at a scan rate of 10° min⁻¹. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were collected by a Hitachi S-4700 microscope. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were collected using a Tecnai G2 F20 S-TWIN microscope. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data were obtained using an ESCALAB KII spectrometer with Al Kα as the excitation source. The specific surface and pore diameters were obtained from the results of N₂ physisorption at 77 K (ASAP2460) using the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) method.

Exponentially growing cells were harvested at 26 h after being transferred to liquid M-medium and were viewed by light microscopy under oil immersion at 100×. Flagella straining was completed as per Kodaka et al. (1982) (link) then viewed by light microscopy after 26 h of growth. For SEM, a culture in stationary phase ∼72 h after being transferred to liquid M-medium was pelleted at 3,250 × g for 10 min, then the M medium was exchanged and cells were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in PBS (137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCL, 10 mM Na₂HPO₄ 2H₂O, 2 mM KH₂PO₄, pH 7.4) solution for 30 min on ice. The fixed culture was filtered onto a 0.2 μm pore-size Supor polycarbonate membrane (Pall Port Washington, NY, United States). Cells on the filter were washed with PBS and post-fixed in 1% OsO₄ for 1 h. The cells and filter were passed through a graded ethanol series (25, 50, 70, 95, 100%) at 10 min intervals, and in 100% ethanol were critical-point dried with CO₂. A sputter coater applied 5 nm of gold/palladium alloy onto the cells before imaging by SEM using a Hitachi S4700 microscope.

Specimens were either collected individually or by using pitfall traps, and stored in 70% ethyl-alcohol.
We studied 31 males, 15 females and 6 juveniles of Eresuskollari; 20 males, 25 females and 4 juveniles of Eresushermani sp. n., and 19 males, 11 females and 3 juveniles of Eresusmoravicus, and 2 males, 3 females and 2 juveniles of Eresussandaliatus. All the measurements are given in millimeters (mm).
All specimens of the new species examined, including holotype and four paratypes, have been deposited in the Soil Zoological Collection (former Arachnoidea Collection) of the Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) Budapest (curator Dr. László Dányi).
Specimens and copulatory organs were studied using a Leica MZ FL III stereomicroscope and photographed by Canon Q Imaging Micro 5.0 RTV at the Institute of Genetics, BRC. Scanning electron micrographs were taken with a Hitachi S-4700 microscope at the Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary.

SEM images were taken on a Hitachi S-4700 microscope. TEM images were obtained on a Tecnai G220 (FEI) microscope at 180 kV accelerating voltage. UV-Vis spectra were operated on the TU-1810 UV-visible spectrophotometer (Beijing Puxi General Instrument Company). For the permeability test, a pure CNM or PNIAPM-CNM was mounted between two chambers of the conductivity cells as shown in Supplementary Figure S1a. One half of the chamber was filled with 10⁻⁴ mol·L⁻¹ of KCl, another one was filled with 10⁻⁶ mol·L⁻¹ of KCl. The conductivity change of KCl with lower downstream concentration was recorded by a DDS-11A conductivity meter (Shanghai Shengci Instrument Company). At the meantime, the protein filtration was carried out by the device as shown in Supplementary Figure S1b. The CNM was placed in the middle of a permeation module which connected with mixed protein solution. The filtrated proteins were detected by a CL1020 capillary electrophoresis instrument (Huayang liming instrument Company). Fused-silica capillary of 75 μm i.d. and 375 μm o.d. was provided by Hebei Yongnian Optic Fiber Company.

Static biofilms were grown for 36 hr over a glass coverslip placed inside a 24-well cell culture plate. Briefly, the coverslips were gently washed with PBS, and fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde for 60 min at RT and then overnight at 4 ^oC. The coverslips were fixed the next day using 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated by a series of washes with increasing concentrations of ethanol, dried by critical point drying method, and finally coated with gold-palladium alloy. Samples were visualized with Amray 1820D microscope (20 kV) and Hitachi S4700 microscope (5 kV).