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6 protocols using platinum taq dna polymerase

1

Soil DNA Extraction and 16S rRNA Amplification

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The genomic DNA was directly extracted from the soil using an E.Z.N.A.® Soil DNA kit (Omega Bio-Tec, Inc., USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The quality of the extracted DNA was preserved using 1% agarose gels. The V3–V4 hypervariable regions of 16 S rRNA were amplified via PCR from the microbial genomic DNA using barcoded fusion primers (forward primers:
341 F CCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTN (barcode) CCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG, reverse primers: 805 R GACTGGAGTTCCTTGGCACCCGAGAATTCCAGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCC). The reaction mixtures (50 µl) contained 5 µl of 10 × PCR reaction buffer (TakaRa, Japan), 10 ng of DNA template, 0.5 µl of each primer, 0.5 µl of dNTPs and 0.5 µl of Platinum Taq DNA polymerase (TakaRa, Japan). The PCR conditions were as follows: 94 °C for 3 min, 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 45 °C for 20 s and 65 °C for 30 s, which was repeated for 5 cycles, followed by 94 °C for 20 s, 55 °C for 20 s and 72 °C for 30 s, which was repeated for 20 cycles, before a final elongation at 72 °C for 5 min. The PCR product was excised from the 1.5% agarose gel and purified using a QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit.
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2

Nrf2 Regulation: Chemical and Molecular Insights

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LUT (Figure 1A for structure; purity: > 98%) was obtained from Dalian Meilun Biotech Corp (Dalian, China). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin-streptomycin (10,000 U/ml), and trypsin-EDTA were supplied by Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). A Cell-Titer 96 Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation (MTS) Assay Kit was obtained from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). Platinum Taq DNA polymerase was purchased from Takara (Mountain View, CA, USA). Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix was purchased from Applied Biosystems (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Tris-HCl precast gels, turbo transfer buffer, and PVDF membranes were obtained from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA). Tris-Glycine-SDS running buffer and Super Signal enhanced chemiluminescent substrate were purchased from Boston BioProducts (Ashland, MA, USA) and Thermo Scientific (Rockford, IL, USA), respectively. An antibody against Nrf2 was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Protease inhibitor cocktail, radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer, and antibodies against HO-1, NQO1, β-actin, HDACs (HDAC1-7) and DNMTs (DNMT1, DNMT3a/b) were supplied by Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA).
All other chemicals, unless otherwise noted, were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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3

Blood Genomic DNA Extraction and Analysis

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All chemicals were obtained from Sigma (Saint Louis, USA) except as noted. The EZgene™ Blood Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit, Platinum Taq DNA polymerase, restriction endonucleases, and associated buffers were obtained from TaKaRa Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Dalian, China). The Bovine Complement 3 ELISA Kit was obtained from BlueGene (Shanghai, China). Oligonucleotide primers were obtained from Sangon Biological Engineering (Shanghai, China). DNA sequencing was performed by TaKaRa (Dalian, China).
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4

Mosquito Species Identification by PCR

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One leg of a single mosquito was used for DNA extraction with the EZNA™ Micro Elute Genomic DNA Kit (Promega, Madison, WI). Molecular identifications of An. sinensis and An. vagus species were conducted using species-specific PCR primers (forward: TGTGAACTGCAGGACACATGAA and reverse: AGGGTCAAGGCATACAGAAGGC for An. sinensis; forward: CACACATCCTTGAGTGCTA and reverse: ACACATCACTTGAGGCCAC for An. vagus) to amplify the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) and 28S-D3 rDNA regions
[44 (link),45 (link)]. Amplification was performed in a 25 μL reaction containing 2 μL of template DNA, 2.5 μL of 10 × PCR buffer, 0.75 μL of 50 mM MgCl2, 2 μL of 2.5 mM of each dNTP, 0.5 μL of 10 μM of each primer, and 0.625unit Platinum®Taq DNA Polymerase (TaKaRa, China). The cycling conditions were as follows: initial denaturation at 94°C for 2 min, 30 cycles of 30s denaturation at 94°C, 30s annealing at 48°C and 30s extension at 72°C followed by a final extension of 10 min at 72°C. Amplification products were examined on a 2.5% agarose gel electrophoresis. The species was determined by the size of the PCR product (1,077 bp for An. sinensis and 604 bp for An. vagus). Molecular identification was conducted for all mosquitoes subjected to insecticide resistance bioassay.
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5

Quantifying Osteogenic Marker Expression

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Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol (Invitrogen). The cDNAs were synthesized with the use of a PrimeScript® II first-strand cDNA synthesis kit (Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Shiga, Japan) after 10 µg of total RNA obtained from the individual samples were reverse-transcribed separately with Superscript II RT. Briefly, 1 μL of each cDNA was diluted in 25 μL of reaction mixture including 1 × PCR buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 μM of each dNTP, 0.5 units of Platinum Taq DNA polymerase (TAKARA Bio, Shiga, Japan), and 0.5 μM of each specific primer set.
Primers for RUNX2, osteopontin, DLX5, osterix, and osteocalcin were used as follows: RUNX2: sense 5′-GATGACACTGCCACCTCTGA-3′, antisense 5′-CAGCGTCAACACCATCATTC-3′; osteopontin: sense 5′-TCTGATGAGACCGTCACTGC-3′, antisense 5′-TGTCCTTGTGGCTGTGAAAC-3′; DLX5: sense 5′-TCTCTAGGACTGACGCAAACA-3′, antisense 5′-GTTACACGCCATAGGGTCGC-3′; ssterix: sense 5′-GATAGTGGAGACCTTGCTCGTAG-3′, antisense 5′-GAGGTCACAGGGTATGAGAAGAG-3′; osteocalcin: sense 5′-AGGACCATCTTTCTGCTCACTC, antisense 5′-CTGCCAGAGTTTGGCTTTAG.
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6

Soil DNA Extraction and 16S rRNA Amplification

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Genomic DNA was extracted from the soil samples using an E.Z.N.A. soil DNA kit (Omega Bio-Tec, Inc., USA) as per the manufacturer's guidelines. The obtained DNA was assessed by loading 10 μL of the samples and running them on 1% agarose gel. The barcoded fusion primers (forward primers: 341F: CCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNCCTAC GGGNGGCWGCAG, reverse primers:
were used in the amplification of the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of 16S rRNA via PCR from the microbial genomic DNA. The PCR reaction mixture (50 μl) comprised of 5 μl of 10 × PCR reaction buffer (TakaRa, Japan), 10 ng of DNA template, 0.5 μl of each primer, 0.5 μl of dNTPs and 0.5 μl of Platinum Taq DNA polymerase (TakaRa, Japan). Thermocycler amplification conditions were set at: initial 94ºC for 3 min, 94ºC for 30 s, annealing at 45ºC for 20 s and 65ºC for 30 s, which was repeated for 5 cycles, followed by 94ºC for 20 s, 55ºC for 20 s and 72ºC for 30 s, which was repeated for 20 cycles, before a final elongation at 72ºC for 5 min. Specificity assessment of the PCR amplification product was assessed on 1.5% agarose gel and thereafter purified using a QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit.
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