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5 protocols using ferulic acid

1

Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds

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Liquiritin (purity ≥ 95.0%), ferulic acid (purity ≥ 98.0%), and glycyrrhizin (purity ≥ 98.0%) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). Hesperidin (purity ≥ 98.0%) and neohesperidin (purity ≥ 98.0%) were purchased from Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals (Chengdu, China). Naringin (purity ≥ 98.0%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade methanol, acetonitrile, and water were obtained from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Analytical reagent grade glacial acetic acid was purchased from Junsei (Tokyo, Japan).
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2

Quantifying Carotenoids and Polyphenols in Orange Juice

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Anhydrous sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) for formulations as QuEChERS components were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan). β-Carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, campesterol, ferulic acid, stigmasterol, sitosterol, and rutin were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals. p-Coumaric acid, diosmin, hesperidin, naringin, and narirutin were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Institute (Tokyo, Japan). Pyrogallol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) used to prevent autooxidation were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan).
All organic solvents (acetonitrile, formic acid, tetrahydrofuran, and methanol) and ultrapure HPLC- or LC/MS-grade water were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals.
Orange juice was purchased from a local market in Tokyo, Japan.
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3

Extraction and Characterization of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds

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The following materials were purchased from the suppliers indicated in parentheses: chlorogenic acid (MP Biomedicals); gossypetin (Indofine Chemical Company); butein, eriodictyol, formononetin, herbacetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and quercetin (Extrasynthèse); daidzein and genistein (LC Laboratories); vestitol (Plantech); apigenin, biochanin A, coniferyl alcohol, o-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, coumestrol, 5-hydroxyferulic acid, luteolin, naringenin, phloretic acid, sinapic acid, and umbelliferone (Merck); p-coumaric acid, erythronic acid, isoferulic acid, and succinic anhydride (TCI); caffeic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, ferulic acid, p-methoxycinnamic acid, phenylalanine, tetronic acid, and L-tyrosine (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical). Umbellic acid was prepared from umbelliferone by a treatment with 1 M NaOH at 90°C for 1 h. Isoliquiritigenin was obtained from our laboratory stock (Shimamura et al., 2007 (link)).
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4

Peptide Synthesis and Characterization

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The calculated masses of CW2, protected LW2, deprotected LW2, and CEG were computationally determined as 1509.795, 3256.576, 1528.743, and 615.229, respectively, using ChemDraw 20.0 software. The preparation of linear peptide followed the standard solid-phase peptide synthesis method (SPPS) using 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) chemistry and 2-chlorotrityl resin as the solid support [19 (link)]. All Fmoc-protected amino acids, resin, piperidine, O-benzotriazole-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBt·H2O), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl), and 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were purchased from Watanabe Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Hiroshima, Japan). Ferulic acid and other reagents were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan).
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5

Enzymatic Assays for Aromatic Aldehydes

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Vanillin (4-​hydroxy-​3-​methoxybenzaldehyde), vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid), ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid), isoVanillin (3-​hydroxy-​4-​methoxybenzaldehyde), protocatechualdehyde (3,​4-​dihydroxybenzaldehyde), benzaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, m-anisaldehyde (3-​methoxybenzaldehyde), veratraldehyde (3,​4-​dimethoxybenzaldehyde), syringaldehyde (4-​hydroxy-​3,​5-​dimethoxybenzaldehyde), and salicylaldehyde (2-​hydroxybenzaldehyde) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). NAD(P)+ and lactate dehydrogenase from the rabbit muscle were purchased from Oriental Yeast Co. Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Oligonucleotides were purchased from Life Technologies Japan Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan).
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