HOBO® Pendant G acceleration data loggers were used (dimensions: 58 mm x 33 mm x 23 mm, weight: 18 g) (Onset Computer Corporation, Pocasset, MA, USA). The HOBO® Waterproof Shuttle and HOBOware® Pro software (version 3.7.8) were used for programming and reading the HOBO loggers (Onset Computer Corporation, Pocasset, MA, USA). Data loggers were programmed to record tilt and acceleration at a logging interval of 0.25 s (4 Hz, measurement range: ±3 gravitational force (g); accuracy: ±0.075 g at 25°C). Immediately prior to testing, loggers were activated using a magnet and then attached to the back of the neck of the sheep using a small strip of Velcro®. Velcro® provided a fast, easy method of attachment, requiring only a short period of restraint and a small point of contact with the sheep when compared to other methods such as a collar or halter. Wool on the back of the neck was parted and the logger was nestled as close to the skin as possible so that movement of wool had minimal impact on logger angle. Sheep in all groups had been shorn 5 months prior to testing. The current paper does not discuss the suitability of these data loggers for measuring vigilance, it reports on whether attachment of the loggers altered animal behaviour during testing.
Pendant g acceleration data logger
Manufactured by Hobo
Sourced in United States
The Hobo Pendant G Acceleration Data Logger is a device that measures and records acceleration data. It can capture and store information about movement and vibration over time.
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10 protocols using pendant g acceleration data logger
1
Acceleration Data Loggers for Sheep Behavior
2
Monitoring Cow Lying Behavior
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Lying behavior was recorded using electronic data loggers (HOBO Pendant G Acceleration Data Loggers, Onset Computer Corp., Pocasset, MA), validated for recording lying and standing positions (Ito et al., 2009; Ledgerwood et al., 2010) . Data loggers were attached with bandaging wrap (CoFlex, Andover Coated Products Inc., Salisbury, MA) to the cow's hind leg during milking and were programmed to record the position of the cow at 1-min intervals for 4 consecutive 24-h periods (Charlton et al., 2014) . Lying data based on 4 d of continuous sampling was sufficient to obtain a representative herd mean lying time estimate (Ito et al., 2009; Vasseur et al., 2012) . Each individual farm was visited twice within a 5-to 10-d period. During the second farm visit, data loggers were removed and data downloaded. The total duration of lying and the duration and frequency of individual lying bouts were computed using Excel macros (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA) for the 4-d period (Vasseur et al., 2012) , from which daily lying time (h/d), bout frequency (bout/d), and bout duration (min/bout) were calculated for each cow. In addition, variation in duration of lying bouts within cow over 4 d was calculated from the standard deviation of bout duration, previously identified as being associated with lameness (Ito et al., 2010)
3
Measuring Cow Lying and Standing Behavior
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No skin change.
Hairless patch. Lesion/scab with or without medium swelling (<2.5 cm).
May have hairless patch.
Major swelling (>2.5 cm) with or without lesion or hairless patch.
the Canadian farms, we used HOBO Pendant G Acceleration Data Loggers (Onset Computer Corporation, Pocasset, MA, USA; as validated by Ledgerwood et al., 2010) (link), attached with Vet-Wrap (CoFlex, Andover Coated Products Inc., Salisbury, MA), whereas on the US farms we used IceQube pedometers, with the straps provided (IceRobotics, Edinburgh, Scotland). Measures of lying and standing behavior simultaneously derived from the HOBO and IceTag accelerometers have been shown to be strongly correlated (Mattachini et al., 2013) . In both cases, devices were programmed to record the position of the cow (lying or standing) at 1-min intervals for 4 consecutive days as described by Vasseur et al. (2012) (link). Recording was set to begin at 2350 h on the day of the first farm visit. During the second farm visit, all of the data loggers were removed and the data were downloaded.
Hairless patch. Lesion/scab with or without medium swelling (<2.5 cm).
May have hairless patch.
Major swelling (>2.5 cm) with or without lesion or hairless patch.
the Canadian farms, we used HOBO Pendant G Acceleration Data Loggers (Onset Computer Corporation, Pocasset, MA, USA; as validated by Ledgerwood et al., 2010) (link), attached with Vet-Wrap (CoFlex, Andover Coated Products Inc., Salisbury, MA), whereas on the US farms we used IceQube pedometers, with the straps provided (IceRobotics, Edinburgh, Scotland). Measures of lying and standing behavior simultaneously derived from the HOBO and IceTag accelerometers have been shown to be strongly correlated (Mattachini et al., 2013) . In both cases, devices were programmed to record the position of the cow (lying or standing) at 1-min intervals for 4 consecutive days as described by Vasseur et al. (2012) (link). Recording was set to begin at 2350 h on the day of the first farm visit. During the second farm visit, all of the data loggers were removed and the data were downloaded.
4
Continuous Wrist Temperature and Activity Monitoring
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The wrist temperature rhythm was continuously assessed every 10 min for 12 days using a temperature sensor (Thermochron® iButton DS1921H, Dallas, Maxim Integrated). It was attached within a double-sided cotton sport wrist band, with the sensor surface placed over the radial artery of the non-dominant hand [26 (link)–28 (link), 30 (link)].
The body position and rest-activity rhythms were determined every 30 seconds over the same 12 days by an accelerometer inserted into a sports band. Its x-axis was set parallel to the humerus bone of the non-dominant arm (Hobo® Pendant G Acceleration Data Logger, Massachusetts, Onset Computer Corporation) [26 (link)].
Furthermore, patients were asked to complete a diary with their daily activities such as the awakening moment, main meal times, naps and going-to-bed times during the whole study.
The body position and rest-activity rhythms were determined every 30 seconds over the same 12 days by an accelerometer inserted into a sports band. Its x-axis was set parallel to the humerus bone of the non-dominant arm (Hobo® Pendant G Acceleration Data Logger, Massachusetts, Onset Computer Corporation) [26 (link)].
Furthermore, patients were asked to complete a diary with their daily activities such as the awakening moment, main meal times, naps and going-to-bed times during the whole study.
5
Quantifying Calf Locomotor Play
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Locomotor play behaviour of calves was quantified through leg-attached accelerometers, using a previously validated method29 (link). In this study, accelerometers were used to record running, turning and bucking/buck-kicking, as defined in Größbacher, et al.30 (link). The data used to validate accelerometer recordings for these behaviours30 (link) were a subset of the data used in this study. Accelerometers (HOBO Pendant G Acceleration Data Logger, Onset Computer Corporation, Pocasset, MA, USA; product specifications described in detail in Luu, et al.29 (link)) were attached to calves’ hind legs with elastic cohesive bandages. The accelerometers were oriented with the x-axis perpendicular to the ground. Acceleration was measured on the vertical axis at 1 Hz, i.e. with one measurement per second, from 05.00 until 23.04 on two consecutive days (Tuesday and Wednesday) when calves were four and eight weeks of age and recordings were stored on the device. Accelerometers were fitted to calves from the evening before until the morning after recording days, after being programmed with an optical infrared base station with USB interface and the HOBOware Pro Software (Version 3.7.8; Onset Computer Corporation, Pocasset, MA, USA).
6
Monitoring Cow Calving Behavior
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Lying behaviors were recorded using electronic 3D accelerometers (Hobo Pendant G Acceleration Data Logger, Onset Computer Corporation). Loggers were attached to the medial side of 1 hind leg of the cow using Vet Wrap (Co-Flex, Andover Coated Products Inc.). The logger was changed weekly to alternating legs. Loggers were set to record the g-forces of the yaxis at 1-min intervals. Lying data were processed using the cut point reported by Ledgerwood et al. (2010) (link) and a modified SAS algorithm (UBC Animal Welfare Program, 2013). Lying data from individual animals were summarized retrospectively by hour relative to the animals' actual calving time. Measures of lying behavior included total time (min/h) and bouts (no./h) during the 4 h before calving. Data loss due to logger malfunction or loss resulted in removal from the lying behavior data set (n = 17 of 204 animals with unassisted calvings).
7
Calf Locomotion Monitoring via Accelerometers
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Accelerometers (Hobo Pendant G Acceleration Data Logger, Onset Computer Corp.; product specifications are described in detail in Luu et al., 2013) (link) were fitted to the rear side of both hind legs of calves using elastic cohesive bandages. Accelerometers were attached vertically to the leg such that the x-axis was perpendicular to the ground. The accelerometers were set to measure readings on the vertical axis at a rate of 1 Hz (1 sample/s), allowing recording of acceleration every second for 18.1 h. Acceleration was recorded from 0500 until 2304 h on 2 consecutive days per testing week, with the accelerometer on the right leg recording d 1 and that on the left leg recording d 2. Calves wore accelerometers for approximately 66 h per testing week (from the evening before until the morning after the testing days). Programming of accelerometers was performed using an optical infrared base station with USB interface and the Hoboware Pro Software (version 3.7.8; Onset Computer Corp.) with the starting time set in advance.
8
Automated Cow Lying Time Monitoring
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Daily lying time was automatically recorded using activity data loggers (Hobo Pendant G Acceleration Data Logger, Onset Computer Corp.) following Vasseur et al. (2012) . Each data logger was placed in a fabric pouch and attached to one hind leg of each cow using Vet-Wrap (CoFolex, Andover Coated Products Inc.) on d 1 of each experimental week. Each week, the hind leg to which the data logger was attached was changed. The data logger was programmed to record the position of the cow (lying or standing) at 1-min intervals. Data were downloaded at the end of each experimental week,
9
Bovine Lying Behavior Monitoring
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Lying behaviors were recorded using electronic data loggers (HOBO Pendant G Acceleration Data Logger, Onset Computer Corporation, Pocasset, MA). Loggers were attached to the medial side of 1 hind leg of the cow using Vet Wrap (Co-Flex, Andover Coated Products Inc., Salisbury, MA), and each week the logger was changed to alternating legs. The loggers were set to record the g-forces of the y-and z-axis at 1-min intervals. Lying data were processed using the cut point reported by Ledgerwood et al. (2010) and an adjusted version of the SAS algorithm developed by UBC Animal Welfare Program (2013), as described in Zobel et al. (2015) . Measures of lying behavior included total time per day, number of bouts per day, and bout durations.
10
Measuring Dairy Cow Lying Behavior
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Lying behavior was collected using electronic dataloggers (Hobo Pendant G Acceleration Data Logger, Onset Computer Corporation, Pocasset, MA) attached to the hind leg of each cow using a flexible bandage. Every 10 d, loggers were removed for data download and then reattached to the leg. Data from the day of logger download were discarded. The loggers were programmed to record the G-forces of the y-and z-axes at 1-min intervals. Using the algorithm for SAS (SAS Inc., Cary, NC) developed by UBC Animal Welfare Program (2013) and a cutoff point validated by Ledgerwood et al. (2010) , this information was used to determine whether the cow was standing or lying, and subsequently used to calculate daily lying time, number of lying bouts (i.e., frequency of transitions from lying to standing positions), and duration of lying bouts (i.e., calculated as a ratio of minutes lying to the number of lying bouts per day).
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