Pentobarbital sodium

Manufactured by Sinopharm

Sourced in China, Canada

Pentobarbital sodium is a barbiturate compound commonly used as a sedative and hypnotic agent in laboratory settings. It is a white, crystalline powder that acts on the central nervous system to induce sleep and reduce anxiety. The core function of pentobarbital sodium is to provide researchers and scientists with a controlled substance for various experimental and analytical purposes within a laboratory environment.

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Lab products found in correlation

Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Merck Group (2 mentions) Proparacaine hydrochloride, by Alcon (1 mentions) Dumont 5, by Fine Science Tools (1 mentions) Vevo 2100, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) Lipopolysaccharides (lps), by Merck Group (1 mentions) Vevo 770, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) Polyethylene glycol peg, by Sinopharm (1 mentions) Ingeo biopolymer 4032d, by NatureWorks (1 mentions) Para form, by Biosharp (1 mentions) Acetylcholine chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Vimentin antibody, by Abcam (1 mentions) Pierce enhanced chemiluminescence ecl western blot substrate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) E cadherin antibody, by Abcam (1 mentions) Bms 345541, by Abcam (1 mentions) Diaminobenzidine dab, by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (1 mentions) Ovalbumin (ova), by Merck Group (1 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (1 mentions) β actin antibody, by Abcam (1 mentions) Reverse transcription kit, by Promega (1 mentions) Collagenase type 7, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

Pentobarbital

47 protocols using pentobarbital sodium

Collagen-Induced Arthritis Rat Model

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For primary immunization, anesthetize rats received intraperitoneal injection of 2% sodium pentobarbital (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Shanghai, China). The dorsal skin was shaved, then sterilized with 75% alcohol. Intradermal injection was performed by selecting 4–6 points from the base of the tail to the back with 1 mL of chicken collagen type II 1 mg/mL emulsion. The normal group rats were injected with an equal volume of sterile saline.
To strengthen immunity, 1 week after the first immunization, each CIA rat was intraperitoneally injected with bovine type II collagen 1 mg/mL emulsion 0.5 mL. Normal group rats were injected with an equal volume of sterile saline.

Tian S., Yan Y., Qi X., Li X, & Li Z. (2019). Treatment of Type II Collagen-Induced Rat Rheumatoid Arthritis Model by Interleukin 10 (IL10)-Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs). Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 25, 2923-2934.

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Cecal Ligation and Puncture Sepsis Model in Rats

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The rats were randomly assigned into either the sham (37 rats), cecal ligation and puncture (CLP; 57 rats), or CLP + DIZE (57 rats) group.
DIZE (Cayman Chemical, Michigan, USA) was dissolved to a final concentration of 2 mg/mL in normal saline. The CLP + DIZE group was injected subcutaneously with the DIZE solution (15 mg/kg) 30 minutes prior to the operation [20 (link)], whereas the sham and CLP groups received 7.5 mL/kg normal saline injected subcutaneously.
The rat model of sepsis was created using the CLP method as described previously [21 (link), 22 (link)]. Briefly, rats were fasted for 24 hours. Then, sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg; Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd.) was injected intraperitoneally for anesthesia. After securing and shaving the rats, an incision (approximately 2 cm) was made on the anterior midline abdomen to expose the cecum. The cecum was ligated 1.0 cm from the tip. To induce sepsis, before the abdominal wall was closed, an 18-gauge injection needle was used to puncture the ligated end of the cecum two times, which allowed fecal material to extrude into the abdominal cavity. A postoperative subcutaneous injection of warm normal saline (20 mL/kg) was given for resuscitation. The rats in the sham group received open abdominal surgery but with no ligation or perforation of the cecum.

Lu Z., Wu D., Wang Z., Zhang H., Du Y, & Wang G. (2022). Diminazene aceturate mitigates cardiomyopathy by interfering with renin-angiotensin system in a septic rat model. BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology, 23, 44.

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Optic Nerve Crush Injury in Rats

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Prior to surgery, animals were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg kg⁻¹ sodium pentobarbital (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), and the right eye was numbed with a drop of 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA). ONC surgery was performed as previously described with minor modifications (29 (link)). Briefly, an incision was made through the conjunctiva at the upper conjunctival fornix to expose the sclera. Following exposure of the ON, self-closing Jeweler's fine forceps (cat. no. 11254-20; Dumont #5; Fine Science Tools, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA) were used to crush the ON at a distance ~2 mm behind the posterior pole of the eye for 10 sec (Fig. 1) (6 (link)). Following surgery, eyes subjected to the ONC were closely monitored for several days for any signs of bleeding. Any rats with eyes with vascular damage or abnormalities of the optic fundus following surgery were excluded from the following examination and data analysis. A total of 18 rats were excluded due to vascular damage or abnormalities of the optic fundus following surgery.

Quan Y., Wu Y., Zhan Z., Yang Y., Chen X., Wu K, & Yu M. (2019). Inhibition of the leucine-rich repeat protein lingo-1 enhances RGC survival in optic nerve injury. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 19(1), 619-629.

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Exercise and Diet Intervention Protocol

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Samples were obtained after 8 weeks of exercise and dietary intervention. The exercise groups had completed the last exercise 36–40 h before the samples were taken to eliminate the stress response of one-time exercise. Before sampling, each group (NC, OC, OD, OE, and ODE) was subjected to 12 h of fasting. Mice were anesthetized by i.p. injection of sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg bodyweight; Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). Blood was drawn from the orbital venous plexus, and the serum was centrifuged at 900 g for 20 min at 4°C, after which it was immediately stored at −80°C. After blood collection, the skeletal muscle (quadriceps femoris) and white adipose tissues (s.c. and visceral adipose tissues) were immediately separated, weighed, and stored at −80°C. Subsequently, analysis of the relevant blood parameters and Western blotting and real-time PCR was performed. Serum, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues were harvested from eight mice in each group.

Li J., Yi X., Li T., Yao T., Li D., Hu G., Ma Y., Chang B, & Cao S. (2022). Effects of exercise and dietary intervention on muscle, adipose tissue, and blood IRISIN levels in obese male mice and their relationship with the beigeization of white adipose tissue. Endocrine Connections, 11(3), e210625.

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Echocardiography and Hemodynamics in Rats

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Four weeks after the intraperitoneal administration of IMD1-53, all rats were lightly anesthetized with 1% sodium pentobarbital at 3 mg/100 mg (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.), and transthoracic echocardiography was performed with a 30 MHz high-frequency transducer (Vevo2100; VisualSonics, Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). To calculate the left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left-ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS), the left-ventricular diameter at the end of diastole and end of systole was measured using M-mode tracing [21 (link),22 (link)]. After the echocardiographic study, the hemodynamic parameters were measured using the BL-420E biological system (Chengdu Tai-Meng Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China) [20 (link)]. Briefly, a catheter was inserted into the left ventricle through the right common carotid artery to record the left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) [23 (link)].

Ma S., Yan F, & Hou Y. (2023). Intermedin 1-53 Ameliorates Atrial Fibrosis and Reduces Inducibility of Atrial Fibrillation via TGF-β1/pSmad3 and Nox4 Pathway in a Rat Model of Heart Failure. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(4), 1537.

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PCV2-SD/2008 Strain Isolation and Piglet Euthanasia

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The PCV2-SD/2008 strain (GenBank accession number: GQ174519) used in this study was isolated and identified by Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases at Hebei Agricultural University according to the reported study [22 (link)]. The viral stock was prepared in PK-15 cells with a titer of 10^5.5 TCID₅₀/ml. Six healthy, 21-day-old, Large White-Dutch Landrace crossbred weaning piglets were used and their treatment methods at the end of the experiment were consistent with those used previously [21 (link)], that is, the piglets were euthanized by intravenously injecting an excess of sodium pentobarbital (70 ± 80 mg/kg, Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Beijing Co., Beijing, China).

Liu S., Li Q., Qiao J., Wang J., Cui D., Gu K., Zhou S, & Li H. (2019). Endothelial IL-8 induced by porcine circovirus type 2 affects dendritic cell maturation and antigen-presenting function. Virology Journal, 16, 154.

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Alleviation of ARDS via miR-21a-3p inhibition

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Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice, 22 to 25 g, were purchased from Shanghai Jiesijie Company (Shanghai, China). Mice were randomly divided into four groups: Control, ARDS, ARDS with negative control (NC) TCs treatment, and ARDS with miR-21a-3p inhibited TCs treatment. Under anaesthesia (60 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital, Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Shanghai, China), mice were intratracheally instilled with phosphate-buffered saline or LPS (5 mg/kg, Sigma, Germany) via 20-gauge catheters. Mice in the ARDS treatment groups were also instilled with 20 μL of TCs culture medium from TCs treated with the NC or miR-21a-3p inhibitor in the presence of LPS. Twenty-four hours later, animals were sacrificed, and the lungs were collected.
The study protocol was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University.

Zhou Y., Yang Y., Liang T., Hu Y., Tang H., Song D, & Fang H. (2019). The regulatory effect of microRNA-21a-3p on the promotion of telocyte angiogenesis mediated by PI3K (p110α)/AKT/mTOR in LPS induced mice ARDS. Journal of Translational Medicine, 17, 427.

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Myocardial Infarction in Sprague Dawley Rats

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Adult male Sprague Dawley rats, (weight, 280–320 g; n=60), were supplied by Sino-British Sippr/BK Lab Animal Ltd. (Shanghai, China) The animal experiment was in compliance with the National Research Council's protocol for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and was approved by the Animal Care Committee of Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai, China). The HF model was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Briefly, all rats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of 1% sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg; Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), endotracheal intubated and mechanically ventilated with a small animal ventilator. Then all rats underwent thoracotomy and pericardiotomy, and the LAD coronary artery was ligated by a 6–0 prolene suture at the origin. Successful myocardium ischemia was verified by ST-segment elevation on an electrocardiogram. The sham group rats underwent same procedure without LAD coronary artery ligation.

Xu B., Xu H., Cao H., Liu X., Qin C., Zhao Y., Han X, & Li H. (2017). Intermedin improves cardiac function and sympathetic neural remodeling in a rat model of post myocardial infarction heart failure. Molecular Medicine Reports, 16(2), 1723-1730.

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Cardiac Function Assessment in Rats

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Rats were lightly anesthetized with 1% sodium pentobarbital, (40 mg/kg; Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.) and transthoracic echocardiography was performed with a 30 MHz high frequency transducer (VisualSonics Vevo770; VisualSonics, Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada) as previously described (18 (link)). End-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricle diameters were measured by M-mode tracing. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and fractional shortening (LVFS) were calculated. Following echocardiography study, haemodynamic parameters were measured using the BL-420E Biological system (Chengdu Tai-Meng Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China). Briefly, a catheter was inserted into the right common carotid artery to monitor the arterial blood pressure. Subsequently the catheter was inserted into the left ventricle to record the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and the maximal rate of left ventricular pressure increase and decrease (±LVdp/dt_max).

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Spared Nerve Injury Neuropathic Pain Model

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The spared nerve injury (SNI) model was implemented as previously described (Decosterd and Woolf, 2000 (link); Arsenault and Sawynok, 2009 (link); Shiers et al., 2020 (link)). Briefly, the rats were intraperitoneally (i.p.) anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) and then an incision was made along the left back of the thigh to expose the sciatic nerve and peripheral branches (common peroneal, tibial, and sural nerves). Next, tight ligation of the common peroneal and tibial nerves was performed by using 4.0 silk suture. The ligated nerves were transected distally and a 2 mm section was removed to prevent nerve regeneration, while the sural nerve was left intact, and then the wound was closed. During sham (control) surgery, the three branches of the sciatic nerve were exposed, but no ligation or transection was performed. Following surgery, the rats were carefully nursed to recover for 7 days before implantation of intracerebral guide cannulas. The overall experimental schedule is shown in Figure 1.

Zhang Y., Yang J., Yang X., Wu Y., Liu J., Wang Y., Huo F, & Yan C. (2020). The 5-HT6 Receptors in the Ventrolateral Orbital Cortex Attenuate Allodynia in a Rodent Model of Neuropathic Pain. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 884.

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