Recombinant transforming growth factor β1

Anti-LEFTY, anti-Smad2, and anti-phospho-Smad2 at serine 255 (pSmad2) antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Anti- XIAP, anti-bax, anti-β-catenin, anti-HNF-1β, and anti-p27^Kip1 antibodies were bought from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). Anti-p21^waf1, anti-cyclin D1, anti-p53, anti-bcl2, and anti-Ki-67 antibodies were purchased from Dako (Copenhagen, Denmark). Anti-cyclin A, and anti-cleaved caspase 3 antibodies were from Novocastra (Newcastle, UK), and Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA), respectively. CDDP and the anti-β-actin antibody were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). Recombinant transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA).

Anti-Nodal and anti-β-actin antibodies as well as CDDP, doxorubicin (Dox), MG132, and lithium chloride (LiCl) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). Anti-X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), anti-Bax, anti-Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK)-3β, and anti-p27^Kip1 antibodies were bought from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). Anti-p21^waf1, anti-Cyclin D1, anti-Bcl2, and anti-Ki-67 antibodies were purchased from Dako (Copenhagen, Denmark). Anti-cleaved caspase-3 and anti-phospho(p) GSK-3β at Ser9 (pGSK-3β) antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti-Smad2 and anti-pSmad2 at Serine 255 (pSmad2) antibodies were from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Anti-Cyclin A2 antibody was from Novocastra (Newcastle, UK). Recombinant transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA).