H 7650 system

The colony morphology was analysed by TEM. Briefly, bacteria growing to the mid-exponential phase were resuspended in PBS, and the suspension was incubated with CrfP for 15 min and 30 min. The specimens were then harvested by centrifugation and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde for more than 24 h. The samples were dehydrated in propylene oxide for 10 min, embedded in epoxy resin, and examined using a Hitachi H-7650 system (Hitachi) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
CrfP-GFP or SH3b-GFP was incubated with S.suis for 60 min, and the pellet from 1 mL of culture was washed once in PBS. Five microlitres of this suspension was transferred to a glass slide for drying, and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was used to stain the cells. After a coverslip was positioned over the sample, the slide was visualized and imaged with a laser-scanning confocal microscope (Nikon Instruments, Inc., Leica Sp5 AOBS confocal system).

The morphology and lattice distance of Mn:N-CDs were investigated via transmission electron microscopy (TEM; Tecnai G2 F30 S-Twin, FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA) and the H-7650 system (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) installed at the Center for University-wide Research Facilities at Jeonbuk National University. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed using SmartLab (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan). The chemical functional groups and composition of Mn:N-CDs were examined through Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry (Nicolet 6700, ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and XPS (K-Alpha+, ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), respectively. The amount of Mn in Mn:N-CDs was measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; ELAN DRC II PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA).

After vacuole isolation and treatment, the morphology of vacuoles and Phi6 was confirmed by TEM. Phi6 at 10¹⁰ PFU/mL was put on the grid. Bacteriophages were negatively stained with 1% uranyl acetate for a few seconds. TEM images were analyzed with an H-7650 system (Hitachi, Japan) installed in the Center for University-wide Research Facilities at Jeonbuk National University. Microscopy was operated at 100 kV, and images were acquired at magnifications of ×100,000 and ×200,000.

Transmission electron microscopy images were obtained using a Hitachi H‐7650 system (Hitachi, Japan), and the nanoparticle size and zeta potential were determined using dynamic laser scattering (Brookhaven, USA). HAADF‐STEM and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping were performed using an FEI Talos F200s transmission electron microscope (Thermo Fisher, USA) equipped with an energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometer (EDS). XRD patterns were measured using a Miniflex 600 X‐ray diffractometer (Rigaku, Japan). Cell images were observed under CLSM (Nikon, Japan). Quantitative analyses of metal elements were detected by ICP‐OES (Horiba Jobin Yvon S.A.S, France). Optical properties were recorded on an FLS920 spectrometer (Edinburgh, UK). UV–vis absorption spectra were obtained using a Cary 5000 spectrophotometer (Agilent, USA). Fourier‐transform infrared spectra were obtained using a Nicolet iS50 spectrometer (Thermo Fisher, USA). Bone parameters were analyzed using high‐resolution X‐ray micro‐CT (Bruker, Belgium).