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13 protocols using liproxstatin 1

1

Investigating Ferroptosis Regulators in Breast Cancer

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Once primary breast tumors reached approximately 0.8 cm in diameter, AAV virus particles (5 × 109 genome copies) suspended in 50 μl of sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were injected intratumorally. Tumors were injected with AAV on days 0, 3, and 8. For the liproxstatin-1 rescue experiment, animals were intraperitoneally injected with liproxstatin-1 (25 mg/kg; 17730, Cayman Chemicals) daily for 2 weeks. liproxstatin-1 injections started on the same day as AAV injections.
To determine the functional significance of Mgst3 and Prdx6, P245CC (1128) cells expressing shRNA targeting Mgst3, Prdx6, or empty vector were grown in nude animals. A total of 5 × 105 cancer cells suspended in 30 μl of PBS were injected into the mammary fat pad. Once tumors reached approximately 6 to 7 mm in diameter, all tumors were injected intratumorally with RSL3 (100 mg/kg; 19288, Cayman Chemicals), on days 0, 6, and 12. Tumor growth was monitored with caliper measurements of the length and width of the tumor. To determine the functional significance of MGST3 and PRDX6, human cell line MDA-MB-231 expressing shRNA targeting MGST3, PRDX6, or empty vector were grown in nude animals. MDA-MB-231 (5 × 105 or 3 × 106) was suspended in 30 or 50 μl of PBS, respectively, and was injected into the mammary fat pad. Tumor growth was monitored with caliper measurements of the length and width of the tumor.
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2

Oxidative Stress and Cell Death Modulators

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tert-Butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, hydrogen peroxide, ferrostatin-1, cyclosporine A, GSH, GSSG, and MG132 were from Sigma. Doxorubicin hydrochloride, liproxstatin-1, deferoxamine, mitoQ, and SKQ1 were from Cayman Chemical. MitoPeDPP and mito-FerroGreen were from Dojindo. Necrostatin-1s was from Cell Signaling Biotechnology. MitoSOX, propidium iodide, and Hoechst 33,342 were from Invitrogen. The following antibodies were used: anti-HMGB1 (3935), anti-HO-1 (82,206), anti-VDAC (4661), anti-catalase (14,097), and anti-GAPDH (2118) from Cell Signaling Biotechnology; anti-Bach1 (sc-271211) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Anti-FTMT (PAD251Mu01) from Cloud-Clone Corp.; anti-GPX4 from R&D Systems.
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3

Hepatocyte Viability Assay with APAP

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Hepa1 and Huh7 hepatocytes were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 units mL−1 penicillin, and 100 µg mL−1 streptomycin. Primary hepatocytes were isolated from mice using type II collagenase (Worthington Biochem, Lakewood, NJ), as described.(28 (link)
) Primary hepatocytes were grown on William’s medium E (Sigma) supplemented with 2% FBS, 100 units mL−1 penicillin, and 100 µg mL−1 streptomycin and transduced with β‐galactosidase (β‐gal) or NIK adenoviral vectors. After 12‐14 hours of growth, hepatocytes were treated with APAP for 2‐24 hours in the presence or absence of NAC, ferrostatin‐1 (Item No. 17729, CAS No. 347174‐05‐4; Cayman Chemicals), or liproxstatin‐1 (Item No. 17730 CAS No. 950455‐15‐9, Cayman Chemicals). Hepatocyte viability was measured using colorimetric 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays (DOT Scientific Inc., Burton, MI).
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4

Ferroptosis-associated Compounds Evaluation

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Erastin, RSL3, ML162, ML210, ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, JAK inhibitor I and ruxolitinib were purchased from Cayman Chemical. Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) HCl and gemcitabine were purchased from Selleckchem. Deferoxamine mesylate salt, L-Glutathione reduced, sulfasalazine, L-Buthionine-sulfoximine, 2-Mercaptoethanol, and SIINFEKL peptide (OVA 257–264) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Recombinant human IFNγ (285-IF) and mouse IFNγ (485-MI) were purchased from R&D. BODIPY 581/591 C11, anti-IFNγ (XMG1.2) and anti-TNFα (MP6-XT22) blocking antibodies were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Liperfluo was purchased from Dojindo Molecular Technologies. Cyst(e)inase was obtained from the laboratory of Everett Stone and George Georgiou (University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA).
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5

Isolation and Differentiation of Human Macrophages

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Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from commercially available buffy coats from anonymous donors (DRK-Blutspendedienst Baden-Württemberg—Hessen, Institut für Transfusionsmedizin und Immunhämatologie, Frankfurt, Germany) by Pancoll (PAN Biotech, Aidenbach, Germany) density centrifugation. Monocytes were isolated from PBMC by adherence to culture dishes after 1-h incubation in serum-free RPMI1640 medium. Monocytes were differentiated to macrophages in RPMI1640 medium (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 3% human serum (DRK-Blutspendedienst Baden-Württemberg—Hessen) for 7 days and cultured thereafter in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. As indicated, cells were treated with RSL3 (#19288), erastin (#17754), liproxstatin-1 (#17730), and CDDO-Imidazole (#31763, all Cayman Chemicals, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Cell morphology was observed using an Axiovert 40C microscope (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) with an attached Canon EOS 600D camera.
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6

Ferroptosis Inhibitors and Modulators

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N-acetyl-l-cysteine (5 mM; Sigma-Aldrich, A9165), methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (Sigma-Aldrich, M5655), CQ (25 μM, unless otherwise mentioned; Sigma-Aldrich, C6628), deferoxamine mesylate salt (100 μM; Sigma-Aldrich, D9533), ferric ammonium citrate (FAC; 200 μM; Fisher Scientific, I72-500), SBI-0206965 (10 μM; Sigma-Aldrich, SML1540-5MG), MRT68921 dihydrochloride (10 μM; Sigma-Aldrich, SML1644-5MG), HCQ sulfate (10 μM; Sigma-Aldrich, H0915), Vps34-IN1 (10 μM; Cayman Chemicals, 17392), 5-[N-ethyl-N-isopropyl] amiloride (10 μM; Cayman Chemicals, 14406), ferrostatin-1 (20 μM; Cayman Chemicals, 17729), and liproxstatin-1 (14 μM; Cayman Chemicals, 17730).
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7

Preparation of Compound Stock Solutions

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Stock solutions of QD compounds and Napabucasin were made in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at 10 mM and were stored at −20 °C. Napabucasin was purchased from Medchem Express. N-acetyl cysteine (Sigma) and deferoxamine mesylate salt (Sigma) were dissolved in ultrapure water (Gibco). Z-VAD (MedChemExpress), necrostatin-1 (Selleckchem), RSL3 (Cayman Chemical), deferasirox (Cayman Chemical), liproxstatin-1 (Cayman Chemical), ferrostatin-1 (Cayman Chemical), chloroquine phosphate (LKT LABS), olaparib (MedChemExpress), 3-Methyladenine (Cayman Chemical), and N-phenylmaleimide (Oakwood Chemical) were dissolved in DMSO to provide 10 mM stock solution.
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8

Hypoxic Incubation with Inhibitors

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Cells were treated with SP600125, LY294002, SB203580, AKT VIII, Rapamycin (all from Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany), RSL-3, or Liproxstatin-1 (both from Cayman Chemicals, Ann Arbor, USA) 1 h prior hypoxic incubations. Hypoxic incubations were performed in a SciTive Workstation (Baker Ruskinn, Leeds, UK) at 1% O2 and 5% CO2 for times indicated.
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9

Ferroptosis Induction and Inhibition Assay

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All cell lines used in this study were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection and were free of mycoplasma contamination (tested by the vendor). No cell line used in this study has been found in the International Cell Line Authentication Committee database of commonly misidentified cell lines, based on short tandem-repeat profiling performed by the vendor. Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) containing 10% (vol/vol) fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% (vol/vol) penicillin/streptomycin in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C as described previously (38 (link), 39 (link)). All cell lines were seeded into a 12-well plate for cell death and lipid peroxidation measurements. Cells were treated with ferroptosis inducers, including RSL3 (Selleck Chemicals), ML210 (Cayman Chemical), ML162 (Cayman Chemical), and FIN56 (Cayman Chemical); ferroptosis inhibitors, including liproxstatin-1 (Cayman Chemical) and ferrostatin-1 (Sigma-Aldrich); deferoxamine (Sigma-Aldrich); glycerol (Sigma-Aldrich); sn-G3P (Cayman Chemical); the GPD2 inhibitor iGP-1 - Calbiochem (Sigma-Aldrich); and antioxidants, including 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy (TEMPO; Sigma-Aldrich), mitochondria-targeted TEMPO (MitoTEMPO; Sigma-Aldrich), MitoQ (Cayman Chemical), and MitoQH2 (Cayman Chemical).
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10

Sodium Hyaluronic Acid Conjugation for Cellular Studies

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Sodium hyaluronic acid (HA, 234 kDa) was purchased from Lifecore Biomedical Company (MN, USA). 1-ethyl-3(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) were obtained from J&K Company (Beijing, China). Dimethyl Sulphoxide, 5β-Cholanic acid (CA), and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. GW4869 was purchased from Adooq. ICG-Sulfo-Osu (ICG) was obtained from Dojindo Molecular Technologies. Liproxstatin-1 was purchased from Cayman Chemical. Recombinant mouse IFN-γ (485-MI) were purchased from R&D. BODIPY 581/591 C11 and anti-IFN-γ (XMG1.2) blocking antibodies were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific.
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