Erythromycin

Erythromycin was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). NF-κB inhibitor, 5HPP-33, was purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Acrolein, crotonaldehyde, dansyl hydrazine (DH), glyoxal, 2,4-decadienal (DDE), heptadecanal, hexadecanal, 2,4-nonadienal (NDE), octadecanal, 2-octenal, pentadecanal, tetradecanal and 2-undecenal were also purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Acetaldehyde, p-Toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) and the reactive carbonyl species (RCs), including propanal, pentanal, butanal, 2-hexenal, hexanal, 2-heptenal, heptanal, octanal, 2-nonenal, nonanal, decanal, undecanal, dodecanal and tridecanal, were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE) were purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI). p-Benzyloxybenzaldehyde (p-BOBA) was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). 8-Heptadecenal (8-HpDE), 8,11-heptadecadienal (8,11-HpDDE) and 8,11,14-heptadecatrienal (8,11,14-HpDTE) were synthesized using a previously described method.^{(10 (link),11 (link))} Secosterol-A and B were synthesized according to a procedure reported by Wentworth et al.^{(12 (link))} Stock solutions of the RCs and an internal standard (IS) (p-BOBA, 10 µM) were prepared separately in acetonitrile and stored at −20°C prior to use.

Tobramycin, doxycycline, and neomycin were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA). Oxytetracycline, amikacin, penicillin V, and metacycline were purchased from Cayman (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Kanamycin, erythromycin, gentamycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin were obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd (Tokyo, Japan). Silver nitrate (AgNO₃), tetracycline, ampicillin, chlortetracycline, streptomycin, and penicillin G were procured from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

The drugs (1 wt%) were added to the solvents and stirred over 10 h at room temperature. When the drugs were not solubilised, the solutions were heated up to 80 °C and stirred for 2 h. We checked whether the drugs were solubilised by observing the particles of the drugs using an invert microscope (ECLIPSE Ts2, Nikon Corporation). Erythromycin, 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine, 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine, (+)-catechin hydrate, l-adrenaline, desloratadine, zoledronic acid monohydrate, testosterone, estriol, and oxaliplatin were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd and used as received. Fluorouracil, carboplatin and cisplatin were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Corporation and used as received. Adenosine 3′-phosphate and insulin were purchased from Nacalai Tesque Inc. and used as received. l-Thyroxine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Llc. and used as received. Paclitaxel was purchased from Funakoshi Co., Ltd and used as received.