α bisabolol

α-Bisabolol, duponol, doxorubicin, L-cysteine, α-ketoglutaric acid, xylenol orange, butylated hydroxytoluene, tri-sodium citrate, thiobarbituric acid, trichloro acetic acid, 2,4-dinitro phenyl hydrazine, oxaloacetate, hexokinase, and 1,1′,3,3′ tetra methoxy propane were obtained from Sigma Chemicals Co., St. Louis, MO, USA. All other chemicals used in the present study possess standards of analytical grade.

Cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) and α-bisabolol were procured from Sigma Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO. USA). BISA was used after being diluted with sunflower oil (50 mg BISA/mL sunflower oil). Perchloric acid and nitric acid were bought from Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany).

Analytical standards were procured from Sigma Aldrich, Australia and included (+)-α-pinene (#80605), (-)-β-pinene (#80609), α-humulene (#12448), β-humulene (#53676), (-)-α-bisabolol (#95426), (-)-caryophyllene oxide (#91034) and (-)-trans-caryophyllene (#75541). Organic solvents n-hexane, methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, diethyl ether and diethyl acetate were of HPLC grade and bought from Scharlau Australia.

Aromadendrene, Borneol, α-Bisabolol, Camphene, Carvacrol, Caryophyllene oxide, 1,8-Cineole, α-Humulene, Limonene, Linalool, (E)-β-Ocimene, α-Phellandrene, α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Sabinene, α-Terpinene, γ- Terpinene, Terpinen-4-ol, α-Terpineol, α-Thujene, Thymol, soluble starch, DNSA (dinitrosalicylic acid), were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Sodium tartrate, sodium potassium tartrate, sodium acetate were bought from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Human foreskin fibroblast cells (normal/non-disease, HS27, CRL-1634), mouse embryo fibroblast (3t3, CRL-3242) cells, and murine leukemic macrophages RAW 264.7 (TIB-71) cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA, USA. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM), L-glutamine, sodium pyruvate, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), calf serum, Greiss reagent, penicillin-streptomycin solution, 0.25% trypsin- 0.2 g EDTA, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), dexamethasone (DEX), chlorambucil, and α-bisabolol standard were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co. Ltd., Burlington, MA, USA.

Individual terpenoid reference standards, α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, ocimene (mixture of isomers), α-phellandrene, terpinolene, geraniol, and α-bisabolol, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO); myrcene, 3-carene, and guaiol from Fluka Sigma–Aldrich; β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, caryophyllene-oxide, and β-eudesmol were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotech (Santa Cruz, CA). Two terpenoid mixes, Can-Terp Mix1 and Can-Terp Mix2, were purchased from SPEX CertiPrep (Metuchen, NJ) and contained camphor, β-myrcene, farnesene (mixture of isomers), p-mentha-1,5-diene, eucalyptol, isoborneol, linalool, β-caryophyllene, ocimene (mixture of isomers), caryophyllene oxide, fenchone, hexahydrothymol, α-bisabolol, camphene, 3-carene, cedrol, geranyl-acetate, isopulegol, nerol, cis-nerolidol, valencene, β-pinene, limonene, α-pinene, fenchone, borneol, geraniol, pulegone, α-humulene, α-cedrene, terpinolene, γ-terpinene, α-terpinene, guaiol, sabinene, camphor, endo-fenchyl-alcohol, trans-nerolidol, sabinene hydrate, and terpineol (mixture of isomers) in methanol. Methanol (MeOH) used in sample preparation was of ACS grade from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA).

All solvents were purchased from Honeywell Burdick and Jackson (Muskegon, MI, USA). HPLC grade water (18 mΩ) was prepared using an Easypure RF Water Purification System. STZ, ≥98%, NA, ≥98%, acarbose (≥95%), sucrose (ACS reagent), α-bisabolol (12, ≥98%), β-caryophyllene (13, ≥80%), caryophyllene oxide (14, ≥95%), spathulenol (15, ≥96%) and curcumene (16, ≥98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). Formaldehyde solution (37%) was purchased from J.T. Baker (Center Valley, PA, USA). Demethylisoencecalin (1) was previously isolated from C. ternifolia [12 (link),13 (link)]. The purity of the isolated compounds used as markers (1 and 2) was determined by HPLC analysis using a normalization method and were calculated to be ≥98%.