S 8230

The morphology of the PANI nanoarrays evaporator and PA membranes were captured by a field emission SEM (Hitachi S8230). The light absorption property of PANI-m was analyzed by ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UV2600, Shimadzu). The infrared images and surface temperatures were captured by an ICI 8320 infrared camera (ICI, USA). The water CAs were measured on an OCA20 machine (Data-physics, Germany). The average pore size of PES substrate and PANI nanoarrays evaporator were measured by a bubble-pressure method membrane pore size analyzer (Beishide, 3H-2000PB). The surface elements of the polyamide membranes were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (Thermo Scientific EXCALAB 250).

The density (D) of the sample was determined using the Archimedes method. The relative density (RD) represents the ratio of the density to the theoretical density, while the theoretical density was calculated based on the mixture rule. The phase composition of the sample was analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer (ADVANCED8, Burkle, Freudenstadtcity, Germany). Additionally, field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM, S-8230, Hitachi, Marunouchi, Japan) was employed to observe the fracture morphology of sintered samples. The thermal conductivity of the sample was measured utilizing a laser thermal conductivity meter (LFA467, NETTSCH, Selb, Germany), with samples sized 10 mm × 10 mm × 3 mm.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the LSCFP nanofibers were analyzed over a 2θ range of 20°–80° using a high-resolution X-ray diffractometer (Smartlab, Rigaku) with CuKα radiation (λ = 1.54 Å). The crystal structures were refined using Smartlab Studio II software package (Rigaku). The microstructure of the nanofibers and cell components was observed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, S-8230, Hitachi). Morphology and compositional properties of the LSCFP nanofibers were examined using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM, Talos F200X, FEI) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy (Bruker). Surface oxidation states of the LSCFP nanofibers were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Nexsa G2, Thermo Fisher) with the CASA XPS software package. The CO₂-temperature programmed desorption (CO₂-TPD) was performed using an Autochem II 2920 (Micromeritics) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector. Measurements were conducted in a U-type quartz reactor using 0.2 g of sample. The sample was pre-treated in 50 sccm He at 400 °C for 1 h. Then, the CO₂ adsorption experiment was carried out in CO₂ of 50 sccm at 900 °C for 1 h. After cooling the sample to room temperature, the TPD curves were measured in 50 sccm He from room temperature to 900 °C.