Trolox c

To explore the hypoglycemic activity of drugs, experiment was conducted on normal and diabetic mice, which were maintained on the same HFD. Normal mice were injected with saline (group NS), while diabetic mice were randomly assigned to one of the five groups including saline (group SS), insulin (group SI), Trolox C (group ST), Cytisine (group SC) and combination of Trolox C and Cytisine (group STC). Each group contains 10–14 mice. Cytisine (1 mg/kg, i.p., Sigma Aldrich) and Trolox C (50 mg/kg, i.p., Sigma Aldrich) were freshly diluted in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.1) from stock solutions. Saline and drugs were administrated intraperitoneally every day (between 9 and 11 a.m.) for the entire four-week period. Body weight and fasting blood from mouse tails were measured before (pretreatment) drug administration and 1–4 weeks after drug or saline administration, respectively. An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was conducted by intraperitoneal injection of a 20% glucose solution with the dose of 2 g kg⁻¹ body weight. Both IPGTT and total area under the curve (AUC) were measured every two weeks. This study had been approved by the Animal Care Committee of the Peking University Health Science Center and all animal experiments were performed in compliance with the “Guidelines for Animal Experiment”.

Ten entire carcasses were randomly selected from a large population based on criteria for age (5–6 months) in Beidahuang Meat Processing Co., Ltd. (Harbin, China). Ninety pieces of individual pork longissimus lumborum muscle (purchased in different days, approx. 150 g) were vacuum-packaged from each animal. Pork longissimus muscle (core temperature of 4 °C, pH 5.8–6.2) was purchased less than 24 h post-mortem from Beidahuang Meat Processing Co., Ltd. and kept on ice during transport to the meat science laboratory at Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University. Clove buds were purchased from the local pharmacy (Harbin, China). The dried clove buds were ground to a fine powder using the Kenwood Multi-Mill (Kenwood Ltd., Havant, UK) and passed through a 24-mesh (700 μm) sieve. Bromatum Kalium, glutaraldehyde, phosphate, chloroform, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Trolox C, ascorbic acid, propyl gallate, and piperazine-N,N′-bis (2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) (PIPES) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All reagents and chemicals were of analytical grade.

Trolox C, ABTS (2, 2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline 6‐sulfonate)) were purchased from Fluka‐Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). DPPH (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl) and Folin‐Ciocalteau reagent were obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All types of yogurts analyzed in this study were obtained from Centrale del Latte di Vicenza (Vicenza, IT), Lactobacillus delbrueckii subs. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus from Danisco (Copenhagen, DK), and fruit puree from Zuegg (Verona, IT), and Darbo (Stans, A).