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Proteins were extracted from NPC tissues and cells using modified radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer (Beyotime, Haimen, China). Protein concentration was quantified by a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit (Beyotime). Subsequently, a total protein of 50 µg was separated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and electroblotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Chalfont, UK). After blocking the membrane with 5% non-fat milk in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), the membrane was probed with the primary antibody for MTA1 (1:1000; sc-17773; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and β-actin (1:1000; sc-47778; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and incubated overnight at 4°C. The membranes were then incubated with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody (1:1000; sc-2379; Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Immunoreactive bands were finally visualized by Chemiluminescent ECL Reagent Kit (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) and quantified using ImageJ analysis software (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA). β-actin was used as the internal control.