Kaempferol

Manufactured by Yuanye Bio-Technology

Sourced in China

Kaempferol is a natural compound extracted from various plants. It functions as a chemical standard for analytical testing and research purposes.

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Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (8 citations) Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (6 citations) Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (2 citations)

35 protocols using kaempferol

Molecular Profiling of L. polystachyus Leaves

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In July 2018, L. polystachyus leaves were sampled in Bama Yao Autonomous County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. The identification of the plant materials was performed by Prof. Zhaobin Xing. These samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C for subsequent DNA bisulfite, transcriptome, and metabolite analysis. Three replicates of all tests were performed for each sample.
Plant DNA Isolation Kit (FOREGENE, Chengdu, China); DNA Bisulfite Conversion Kit, Methylation-specific kit, RNAprep Pure Plant Plus Kit (Polysaccharides & Polyphenolics-rich), Talent qPCR PreMix (SYBR Green) (TIANGEN, Beijing, China); phloretin, phlorizin, trilobatin, naringenin and apigenin (MREDA, Beijing, China); kaempferol (Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China); Plant PAL ELISA KIT, Plant C4H ELISA KIT, Plant 4CL ELISA KIT, Plant CHS ELISA KIT, and Plant CHI ELISA KIT (Jing Kang Bio, Shanghai, China); the kit for the determination of total flavonoids in plants (Solarbio, Beijing, China).

Lin L., Wang S., Zhang J., Song X., Zhang D., Cheng W., Cui M., Long Y, & Xing Z. (2022). Integrative analysis of transcriptome and metabolome reveals the effect of DNA methylation of chalcone isomerase gene in promoter region on Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd flavonoids. Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology, 7(3), 928-940.

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Phytochemical Analysis of Cornus chinensis

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HPLC-grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased Fisher Scientific (Fairlawn, NJ, USA). Formic acid was purchased from Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ultrapure water was purchased from Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). Except for quercetin, gallic acid and kaempferol were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), the rest of the standard (myricitrin, quercitrin, myricetin, astragalin, methyl gallate, (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), ellagic acid, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and luteolin) were purchased from Chengdu Ruifensi Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). The purity of all standards was more than 98%. Unless otherwise specified, all the other reagents used in the experiment were of analytical grade.
Nine batches of C. chinensis fruits were collected from different phytomorph (clustered and lush, clustered but sparse, solitary) and areas (Wuchang, Hanyang, and Hankou) in July 2019. Samples (Wuchang-clustered-lush, Wuchang-clustered-sparse, Wuchang-clustered-sparse, Hanyang-clustered-lush, Hanyang-solitary, Hanyang-solitary, Hankou-clustered-lush, Hankou-clustered-lush, and Hankou-clustered-lush) were labeled numbers 1–9 in succession. Then they were dried at 60 °C in an oven, crushed into powders, and finally stored at −20 °C until further use.

Hong Y., Liao X, & Chen Z. (2020). Determination of bioactive components in the fruits of Cercis chinensis Bunge by HPLC-MS/MS and quality evaluation by principal components and hierarchical cluster analyses. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 11(4), 465-471.

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Comprehensive Chemical Profiling of YGYSG

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The production of YGYSG was undertaken in The First Clinical Medical College at Anhui University of Chinese Medicine. A Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) was employed to acquire deionized water. For mass spectrometry analysis, formic acid of LC-MS grade was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile and methanol were LC-MS grade and obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Overall, 27 chemical standards, including chikusetsusaponin IVa, chikusetsusaponin IV, ginsenoside Ro, 25R-inokosterone, β-ecdysone, acacetin, cymaroside, quercetin, gallic acid, oleanolic acid, hyperoside, chlorogenic acid, astragalin, kaempferol, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone II_A, rosmarinic acid, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, salvianolic acid B, astragaloside IV, formononetin-7-O-β-D-glycoside, calycosin, formononetin, scopoletin, ferulic acid, rutin, and narcissoside, were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), and their purity levels exceeded 98% as determined through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Figure 2 displays the chemical configurations of each reference standard.

Yang F., Zhang K., Dai X, & Jiang W. (2024). Preliminary Exploration of Potential Active Ingredients and Molecular Mechanisms of Yanggan Yishui Granules for Treating Hypertensive Nephropathy Using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS Coupled with Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Strategy. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, 2024, 7967999.

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Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Assays

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DPPH, ABTS, Trolox, fluorescein sodium salt, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS, from Escherichia coli O111:B4) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. Morin, quercetin 3‐O‐rhamnoside, kaempferol, apigenin 7‐O‐glucoside, and apigenin 7‐O‐rutinoside were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.. TNF‐α and IL‐6 ELISA kits were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Technology Co., Ltd.. NIO detection kit were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd.. The antibodies for β‐actin, p65, p‐p65, IκB, p‐IκB, iNOS, COX‐2, and HO‐1 were supplied by Proteintech.

Cui J., Zong W., Zhao N, & Yuan R. (2022). Burdock (Arctium lappa L.) leaf flavonoids rich in morin and quercetin 3‐O‐rhamnoside ameliorate lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation and oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. Food Science & Nutrition, 10(8), 2718-2726.

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Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Evaluation

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Na₂CO₃, Al(NO₃)₃, formic acid, NaNO₂, HCl, ethanol, Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent, and Trolox were obtained from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagent Works (Chengdu, China). 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH^·, >99.7%), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS^·+, >99.7%), and chromatographic-grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from American Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Standard compounds including (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, rutin, afzelin, astragaline, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol, quercetin, isoquercitrin, pinocembrin, pinocembrin 7-O-glucoside, thonningianin A, gallic acid, and pinocembrin 7-O-(3″-O-galloy-4″,6″-hexahydroxydiphenoyl)-glucoside were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Alcohol dehydrogenase (265 units/mg) from saccharomyces cerevisiae was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Xiang Z., Zhu B., Yang X., Deng J., Zhu Y., Gan L., Yu M., Chen J., Xia C, & Chen S. (2024). Comprehensive Analysis of Phenolic Constituents, Biological Activities, and Derived Aroma Differences of Penthorum chinense Pursh Leaves after Processing into Green and Black Tea. Foods, 13(3), 399.

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Phytochemical Profiling and Characterization

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Arctigenin (CAS: 7770-78-7, MW: 372.41, purity ≥98%), quercetin (CAS: 117-39-5, MW: 302.24, purity ≥97%), luteolin (CAS: 491-70-3, MW: 286.24, purity ≥98%), kaempferol (CAS: 520-18-3, MW: 286.24, purity ≥98%), rutin (CAS: 153-18-4, MW: 610.52, purity ≥98%), gallic acid (CAS: 149-91-7, MW: 170.12, purity ≥98%), and chlorogenic acid (CAS: 327-97-9, MW: 354.31, purity ≥98%) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-technology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). A Waters Acquity UPLC coupled with a Xevo G2-XS Q-TOF quadrupole mass spectrometer was used (Waters Co., Milford, MA, United States).

Zhu D.W., Yu Q., Jiang M.F., Wang D.D, & Shen Y.H. (2022). Exploring the Anti-Pulmonary Fibrosis Mechanism of Jingyin Granule by Network Pharmacology Strategy. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 825667.

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Phytochemical Analysis of Foxtail Millet Husk

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Foxtail millet husk (dry) was acquired from Jinsu Agricultural Technology Corporation (Henan Province, China). The sample was smashed (RS-FS1401 mill, Royalstar Co., Ltd., Hefei, China) sieved (40-mesh), and then stored at −20 °C.
Betaine and L-lactic acid were obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd., (Shanghai, China). Acetylcholinesterase, α-glucosidase (from Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and standards (vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, rutin, and kaempferol, the purity above 98%) were sourced from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd., (Shanghai, China), while ABTS(2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)), DPPH(2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), Folin–Ciocâlteu reagent, Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid), and TPTZ(2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Chromatographic methanol and formic acid were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Reagent Co., Ltd., (Waltham, MA, USA). All other reagents, including glycerol, sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), sodium acetate, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium nitrite (NaNO₂), glycol, aluminum trichloride (AlCl₃), ferric chloride (FeCl₃), and methanol, were purchased from Tianjin Deen Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjing, China).

Wang C., Li Z., Xiang J., Johnson J.B., Zheng B., Luo L, & Beta T. (2023). From Foxtail Millet Husk (Waste) to Bioactive Phenolic Extracts Using Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction and Evaluation of Antioxidant, Acetylcholinesterase, and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities. Foods, 12(6), 1144.

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Acquisition of Bioactive Compounds

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Quercetin, eriodictyol, eriocitrin, neoeriocitrin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, oroxylin A, baicalein 7-O-methyl ether, gallic acid, feruloyl-CoA, and scopoletin were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., LTD (Shanghai, China). Baicalein, isorhamnetin, and SAM were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Chrysoeriol and homoeriodictyol were purchased from BioBioPha (Kunming, China). 7,8-dihydroxyflavone and 3′,4′-dihydroxyflavone were purchased from TCI (Shanghai, China). 8-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone was purchased from Biosynth (St. Gallen, Switzerland) and caffeic acid was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Esculetin was purchased from SinoStandards (Chengdu, China) and caffeoyl-CoA was purchased from ZZStandard (Shanghai). The chromatographic grade acetonitrile and methanol for HPLC were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Liao Z., Liu X., Zheng J., Zhao C., Wang D., Xu Y, & Sun C. (2023). A multifunctional true caffeoyl coenzyme A O-methyltransferase enzyme participates in the biosynthesis of polymethoxylated flavones in citrus. Plant physiology, 192(3).

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Pomegranate Peel Bioactive Compounds

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Pomegranate peel was purchased from Hebei Kang’an Biotech. Co. (Anguo, China). p-Nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) and α-glucosidase (100 U/mg) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Acarbose, ellagic acid (EA), and the other compounds including nicotinic acid, isoguanosine, sclareol glycol, triptolide, sclareolide, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, kaempferol, gallic acid, quercetin, and resveratrol were purchased from Yuanye Biotech. Co. (Shanghai, China). All other chemicals used in this study were analytical grade.

Shi R., Zhou N., Zhang H., Gong M, & Han L. (2022). Bioaffinity ultrafiltration coupled with HPLC-ESI-MS/MS for screening potential α-glucosidase inhibitors from pomegranate peel. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 1014862.

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Comprehensive Characterization of Bioactive Compounds

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Threonine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, caffeic acid, hyperoside, ferulic acid, vitexin, quercetin and rutin were supplied by the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). p-Coumaric acid, gallic acid, kaempferol 3-O-galactoside, isoschaftoside, schaftoside, isovitexin, astragalin, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside and syringic acid were purchased from Chengdu Dexter Bio Co. (Chengdu, China). Protocatechuic acid, kaempferol and neochlorogenic acid were acquired from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Chlorogenic acid was received from Baoji Chenguang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Baoji, China). Isoquercetin was received from Jiangsu Yongjian Pharmaceutical Technology Co. (Taizhou, China). The purity of all compounds was above 98% as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methanol, formic acid and acetonitrile of HPLC grade were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany); ultrapure water was prepared using a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).

Zhou Y., Chen H., Xue J., Yuan J., Cai Z., Wu N., Zou L., Yin S., Yang W., Liu X., Chen J, & Liu F. (2022). Qualitative Analysis and Componential Differences of Chemical Constituents in Lysimachiae Herba from Different Habitats (Sichuan Basin) by UFLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS. Molecules, 27(14), 4600.

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