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159 protocols using mito tracker red cmxros

1

Mitochondrial Morphology Visualization

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Mito Tracker Red CMXRos (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) solution (200 µM) was added to the cell culture media at a ratio of 1:2000 to pre-incubate at 37 °C and subsequently, 500 µL diluted Mito Tracker Red CMXRos working solution was added to each well. Cell culture media was then infused with Hoechst solution, and incubated for 10 minutes without light. A Ts2-FC inverted fluorescence microscopy was used to visualize the mitochondrial morphology (Nikon).
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2

Mitochondrial Morphology and Membrane Potential

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The morphology of mitochondria was observed by staining the cells with 10 μg/mL MitoTracker Red CMXRos (Beyotime, Jiangsu, China) or MitoTracker Green (Beyotime, Jiangsu, China), in which the MitoTracker Red CMXRos could specifically label the bioactive mitochondria in cells. The number of mitochondria was determined using a confocal laser scanning microscope.
Mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by staining the cells with 10 μg/mL JC-1 (Beyotime, Jiangsu, China) for 10 min and then washing them with distilled water. The cells were observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope and the fluorescence intensity was determined using the ImageJ software.
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3

Mitochondrial Staining via MitoTracker

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MitoTracker Red CMXRos (Beyotime, C1049B) was diluted with serum‐free medium at the final concentration of 100 nM. The medium was removed and replaced with 500‐μL diluted MitoTracker Red CMXRos, and then cells were incubated at 37°C for 20 min. After incubation, cells were washed three times and resuspended in PBS. FITC channel was selected for flow cytometry detection.
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Mitochondrial Function Assays in Cells and Extracellular Particles

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For Δψm assay, treated cells were loaded with the potentiometric dye 500 nM TMRE (Beyotime, C2001S) at 37 °C for 20 min and the staining was viewed by a confocal scanning microscope after washing. To measure Δψm in extracellular particles, astrocyte-conditioned medium were collected and large debris were excluded by centrifugation at 2000 g for 10 min. Each 100 μl supernatant was added into an opaque-walled 96-well plate and determined by a microplate reader.
For the mitochondrial mass fission, cells were loaded with 200 nM Mito Tracker Red CMXRos (Beyotime, C1035) at 37 °C for 20 min. Cells were then washed with PBS three times before viewed with a confocal scanning microscope, while mitochondrial mass was stained with 200 nM Mito-Tracker Green (Beyotime, C1048), to label mitochondria in a membrane potential-independent manner at 37 °C for 30 min in darkness.
For mitochondrial translocation detection, untreated astrocytes were dyed with 200 nM MitoTracker Red CMXRos (Beyotime, C1035) at 37 °C for 30 min in darkness. Then astrocytes were subjected to OGD/R with or without reagent treatment to prepare the conditioned medium. Neurons were incubated with astrocyte-conditioned medium, washed with PBS three times before viewed with a confocal scanning microscope.
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5

Mitochondrial Labeling and Thermal Stress

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MitoTracker Red CMXRos (Beyotime, China) was used to label mitochondria in the HEK293T cells. Cells (WT and DUSP1-/-) were cultured to 80% confluency at 37 °C and exposed to three temperatures (continued at 37 °C, 43 °C for 5 h, or 13 °C for 15 h) in 12-well plates. After removing the medium, 500 μL of working solution of MitoTracker Red CMXRos (Beyotime, China) at 200 nmol/L was added to each well, followed by incubation at 37 °C for 30 min. The working solution was then removed and fresh cell culture medium pre-warmed to 37 °C was added. The cells were visualized and photographed under a Zeiss fluorescence microscope. ImageJ was used to measure fluorescence intensity.
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6

Quantifying Mitochondrial Morphology in Cadmium-Treated Cells

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TM3 cells were seeded on a laser confocal culture dish at the density of 1 × 105 cells/mL and treated with cadmium for 24 h. The cells were stained with 200 nM Mito-Tracker Red CMXRos (Beyotime, China) for 30 min in the dark. The images were optimized for morphometric analysis using methods as previously described [27 (link)]. Briefly, mitochondria were isolated from background by applying a threshold to the image using Otsu’s method and were subjected to particle analysis. The aspect ratio and the form factor, which represent mitochondrial length and branching respectively, were calculated in individual cells. Between 20 and 30 cells (>500 mitochondria) were analyzed per treatment. Tubular or filamentous mitochondria were regarded as normal whereas dotted mitochondria were deemed to be damaged. The cells showing indicated mitochondrial morphology was counted and presented as the percentage of the total number of cells counted (at least 100 cells per experiment). The cells were evaluated by two blind observers.
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7

Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Assay

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Mitochondrial membrane potential (△Ψm) was assessed using a JC-1 Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Assay kit (C2006, Beyotime, China) as described previously32 (link) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Flow cytometry was performed in a BD LSRFortessa flow cytometer. Intracellular distribution of mitochondria in HK-2 cells were labeled with MitoTracker Red CMXRos (Beyotime, China) in culture media at 37 °C for 30 min and then observed by laser-scanning confocal microscopy.
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8

Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Imaging

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MitoTracker Red CMXRos (C1049B, Beyotime) was used to detect MMP. Briefly, NPMSCs were inoculated into 6-well plates at a density of 2 × 105 cells per well and treated with H2O2 at concentrations of 75 and 300 μM for 24 h, with or without 75 μM H2O2 for 12 h prior to 300 μM H2O2 treatment. Then, 1 ml of MitoTracker Red CMXRos working solution was added to each well and incubated at 37 °C for 30 min (shielded from light). The nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33,358 staining solution. The staining was observed under a laser confocal microscope (LSM880, ZEISS, Germany).
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9

Subcellular Localization of Bcmdl1-GFP

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The subcellular localization of Bcmdl1 tagged with GFP was examined using a Leica (Wetzlar, Germany) TCS SP8 confocal microscope. For the observation of Bcmdl1::GFP, mycelial balls of the GFP transformant obtained from a 2-day incubation in PDB were crushed to flocculence and transferred to YEPD medium for another day of incubation. To mark the mitochondria, the mycelia were stained with Mito-Tracker red CMXRos (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The fluorescence signals of GFP and Mito-Tracker dye were then examined, and the images were processed using Leica LAS X software.
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10

Mitochondrial Dynamics Imaging in HK-2 Cells

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After cultured in 6-well plates under the different experimental conditions for 48 h, HK-2 cells were washed in PBS and incubated with MitoTracker Red CMXRos (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) using a working concentration of 200 nM at 37°C for 30 min. After the dye was removed by washing, the cells were immediately imaged using a TCS SP8 confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany).
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