Glutaraldehyde solution

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, China, India, Canada, France, Ireland

Glutaraldehyde solution is a colorless, odorless liquid chemical compound used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It serves as a cross-linking agent, primarily employed in the preparation and preservation of biological samples for microscopic analysis.

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Lab products found in correlation

Ethanol, by Merck Group (12 mentions) Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (11 mentions) Osmium tetroxide, by Merck Group (11 mentions) Chitosan, by Merck Group (11 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (10 mentions) Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Merck Group (9 mentions) Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (8 mentions) Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (7 mentions) Osmium tetroxide solution, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (6 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (5 mentions) Acetone, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Polyvinyl alcohol (pva), by Merck Group (5 mentions) D glucose, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (5 mentions) Jsm 6610lv, by JEOL (4 mentions) Glycine, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Ammonium hydroxide solution, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Acetic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Triton x 100, by Merck Group (4 mentions)

Spelling variants of this product

Glutaraldehyde (2338 citations) EM grade glutaraldehyde solution (6 citations) Glutaraldehyde aqueous solution (6 citations) Glutaraldehyde solution (GA, (6 citations) Glutaraldehyde solution (grade I), (5 citations) Glutaraldehyde (50% solution) (2 citations) Glutaraldehyde solution Grade I 25% in H2O (2 citations) Glutaraldehyde 2.5% solution (2 citations) Glutaraldehyde fixation solution (2 citations) Glutaraldehyde solution (25%), (2 citations)

231 protocols using glutaraldehyde solution

Fabrication of Gelatin Microspheres for Fibrin Hydrogels

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Fibrin/gelatin hydrogels were produced using a previously described protocol [14] , using a method similar to fibrin/ECM. However, in this particular case, gelatin microspheres [14, 26, 27] were used and incorporated into the fibrin hydrogel as previously described [14] .
Briefly, microspheres were produced by a water-in-oil emulsion method. Gelatin was dissolved in deionised water and added drop-by-drop to 100 ml of olive oil heated to 45°C while being continuously stirred. Gelatin concentration of 11% (w/v) was used in this study.
After 10 minutes, the solution was cooled with additional stirring for 30 minutes, after which 40 ml of acetone was added and left for 1 hour. Formed gelatin microspheres were collected through sieving (50 μm) and repeated washings in acetone. Microspheres were next crosslinked in 100 ml of glutaraldehyde solution (0.1% w/v; Sigma-Aldrich, Ireland) with 100 μl Tween 80 (Sigma-Aldrich, Ireland) for 18 hours while being stirred. Then they were removed from the glutaraldehyde solution and stirred in 100 ml of glycine solution (25 mM, Sigma-Aldrich, Ireland) solution for 1 hour. Microspheres were sieved to a controlled range (50-70 μm), which was used for previously reported release studies [14] . Finally, microspheres were freeze-dried overnight, weighed and sterilized using dehydrothermal treatment [14] .

Almeida H.V., Eswaramoorthy R., Cunniffe G.M., Buckley C.T., O'Brien F.J, & Kelly D.J. (2016). Fibrin hydrogels functionalized with cartilage extracellular matrix and incorporating freshly isolated stromal cells as an injectable for cartilage regeneration. Acta biomaterialia, 36.

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Ultrastructure Examination of Breast Muscle

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For ultrastructure examination, small specimens were immediately collected from breast muscle after dissection, tissues were cut into small pieces (about 1 mm³) and fixed for 3 h in 3% glutaraldehyde solution (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7). Following, specimens were washed in two consecutive changes in buffer and then moved to a 1% osmium tetroxide solution (Electron Microscope Science, Sigma-Aldrich) for 1 h in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.9). After that, tissue samples were washed for 5 min in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, dehydrated in ascending grade of ethyl alcohol, and impregnated with Epon embedding resin. Then, samples were embedded and blocked at 60 °C for 48 h. Semi-thin sections were cut from the prepared blocks and stained with 1% basic Toluidine blue for the light microscopy. Following, ultrathin sections (50–80 nm) were prepared from the selected regions and moved onto copper grids (200 meshes). Finally, uranyl acetate dihydrate (2%) and lead citrate were used for sections contrasts. Tissues were examined and captured blindly by experienced pathologist (AFK) using JEM-1220 TEM (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan), with a Morada 11 megapixel camera (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany).

Dosoky W.M., Fouda M.M., Alwan A.B., Abdelsalam N.R., Taha A.E., Ghareeb R.Y., El-Aassar M.R, & Khafaga A.F. (2021). Dietary supplementation of silver-silica nanoparticles promotes histological, immunological, ultrastructural, and performance parameters of broiler chickens. Scientific Reports, 11, 4166.

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Ultrastructural Analysis of Breast Muscle

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Immediately after slaughter, small specimens were obtained from breast muscle. Specimens were cut into small pieces (about 1 mm³) and immediately fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde solution (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) for at least 3 h in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7). Fixed samples were washed in two changes of buffer and transferred to a 1% osmium tetroxide solution (Electron Microscope Science, Sigma-Aldrich) for 60 min in 0.1 M PBS (pH 6.9). Then, samples were rewashed in 0.1 M PBS for 5 min, dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol, and impregnated with Epon embedding resin. Samples were embedded at 60 °C for 48 h and blocked. Semi-thin sections were prepared and stained with 1% basic Toluidine blue for light microscopy examination. After that, ultrathin Sects. (50–80 nm) were processed from the selected areas and placed onto copper grids (200 mesh). Finally, section contrasting was performed using uranyl acetate dihydrate (2%) and lead citrate. Tissues were examined and captured by JEM-1220 TEM (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan), with a Morada 11-megapixel camera (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany).

Khafaga A.F., Fouda M.M., Alwan A.B., Abdelsalam N.R., Taha A.E., Atta M.S, & Dosoky W.M. (2022). Silver-Silica nanoparticles induced dose-dependent modulation of histopathological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, proinflammatory, and immune status of broiler chickens. BMC Veterinary Research, 18, 365.

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Ultrastructural Analysis of Fixed Cells

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Cell pellet was fixed using a 3% glutaraldehyde solution (Merck) at 4°C for 2 hours, rinsed in 3 changes of PBS for 1 hour, and incubated for 16 hours at 4°C. The next day, post-fixation was performed with 1% of osmium tetroxide for 30 minutes at room temperature. Dehydration was carried out gradually with a series of ethanol concentrations: 70%, 95% and 100%. Sample was taken through two changes of propylene oxide and placed at a 1:1 ratio with embedding medium for 1 hour in a rotary mixer followed by 100% embedding medium at room temperature for 24 hours. Fresh embedding medium was placed overnight at 37°C and polymerized in oven to 24 hours. Ultrathin sections were cut and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. The cells were visualized with a transmission electron microscope (JEOL, JEM 1011, Peabody, MA, USA). All experimental analyses were performed blinded to the treatment.

Cugola F.R., Fernandes I.R., Russo F.B., Freitas B.C., Dias J.L., Guimarães K.P., Benazzato C., Almeida N., Pignatari G.C., Romero S., Polonio C.M., Cunha I., Freitas C.L., Brandão W.N., Rossato C., Andrade D.G., Faria D.D., Garcez A.T., Buchpigel C.A., Braconi C.T., Mendes E., Sall A.A., Zanotto P.M., Peron J.P., Muotri A.R, & Beltrão-Braga P.C. (2016). The Brazilian Zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models. Nature, 534(7606), 267-271.

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Ultrastructural Analysis of Fixed Cells

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Ultrastructural Analysis of Muscle Tissue

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Immediately after slaughter, small specimens were obtained from breast muscle. Specimens were cut into small pieces (about 1 mm 3 ) and immediately xed in 3% glutaraldehyde solution (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) for at least 3 h in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7). Fixed samples were washed in two changes of buffer and transferred to a 1% osmium tetroxide solution (Electron Microscope Science, Sigma-Aldrich) for 60 min in 0.1 M PBS (pH 6.9). Then, samples were rewashed in 0.1 M PBS for 5 min, dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol, and impregnated with Epon embedding resin. Samples were embedded at 60°C for 48 h and blocked. Semi-thin sections were prepared and stained with 1% basic Toluidine blue for light microscopy examination. After that, ultrathin sections (50-80 nm) were processed from the selected areas and placed onto copper grids (200 mesh). Finally, section contrasting was performed using uranyl acetate dihydrate (2%) and lead citrate. Tissues were examined and captured by JEM-1220 TEM (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan), with a Morada 11-megapixel camera (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany).

Khafaga A.F., Alwan A.B., Abdelsalam N.R., Soliman M.M., Taha A.E., Ghareeb R.Y., Shukry M., & Dosoky W.M. (2021). Silver-Silica Nanoparticles Induced Dose-Dependent Modulation of Histopathological, Immunohistochemical, Ultrastructural, Proinflammatory, and Immune Status of Broiler Chickens.

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Pulmonary Microvascular Corrosion Casting

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The right ventricular outflow tract was cannulated via right ventriculotomy with a 2 mm olive-tipped cannula (Acufirm 1428LL, Dreieich, Germany). The pulmonary vessels were perfused with 15–20 ml of 37°C saline followed by a buffered 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) at pH 7.40. After casting of the pulmonary microcirculation with PU4ii (VasQtec, Zurich, Switzerland), diluted with 20% methylmethacrylate monomers (Sigma), and caustic digestion, the microvascular corrosion casts were imaged after coating with gold in an argon atmosphere with a Philips ESEM XL30 scanning electron microscope as previously described (13 (link)).

Bennett R.D., Ysasi A.B., Belle J.M., Wagner W.L., Konerding M.A., Blainey P.C., Pyne S, & Mentzer S.J. (2014). Laser Microdissection of the Alveolar Duct Enables Single-Cell Genomic Analysis. Frontiers in Oncology, 4, 260.

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Fixation of Adherent Bacteria on Dental Surfaces

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Fixation of the adherent bacteria requires the use of diluted glutaraldehyde (2.5%). One ml of 25% glutaraldehyde solution (Sigma-Aldrich) was mixed with 9 ml of PBS. The mixture was pour into the plate. This volume was devoted to cover the dental fragments with the adherent bacteria. Then, plates were covered with aluminum paper and placed into the refrigerator for 4 h to fix bacteria that adhered to dental surfaces (Fig. 1-E). In a second time, three rinsings with PBS for 5 min were carried out at the same conditions already described. Finally, samples were conserved in the PBS until the next step.

Kammoun R., Zmantar T, & Ghoul S. (2020). Scanning electron microscopy approach to observe bacterial adhesion to dental surfaces. MethodsX, 7, 101107.

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Optimized Cell Culture and Analysis Techniques

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Bovine serum albumin (heat shock fraction, ≥98%), 25% glutaraldehyde solution, curcumin (≥65% by HPLC), rosmarinic acid (96%), ursolic acid (≥90%), acetone, xylene, and ethanol were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS) and basal Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium/F12 (1:1) were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Media supplements such as fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin–streptomycin, and the subculture solution (0.25% Trypsin-EDTA) were obtained from Invitrogen. Human adult retinal pigmented epithelial (ARPE) cells from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and culture well plates from Corning Life Sciences (Lowell, MA, USA) were used for cell studies. A QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany and TOPreal ™ qPCR reagents (Enzynomics, Daejeon, Republic of Korea) were utilized for qRT-PCR experiments. Hematoxylin solution (YD Diagnostics, Yongin, Republic of Korea) and Eosin Y (Muto Pure Chemicals Co., Tokyo, Japan) were used for histological assays.

Kim D., Maharjan P., Jin M., Park T., Maharjan A., Amatya R., Yang J., Min K.A, & Shin M.C. (2019). Potential Albumin-Based Antioxidant Nanoformulations for Ocular Protection against Oxidative Stress. Pharmaceutics, 11(7), 297.

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Electron Microscopy of Fixed Cells

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Cells were treated as indicated and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA, G5882) at 4 °C overnight, and post-fixed in 1% buffered osmium tetroxide for 1.5 h at room temperature. The fixed cells were then dehydrated, embedded and stained with uranyl acetate. Representative areas were chosen for ultrathin sectioning and examined by transmission electron microscopy (FEI Tecnai G² 12, Eindhoven, The Netherlands).

Wang H., Li W., Xu J., Zhang T., Zuo D., Zhou Z., Lin B., Wang G., Wang Z., Sun W., Sun M., Chang S., Cai Z, & Hua Y. (2017). NDRG1 inhibition sensitizes osteosarcoma cells to combretastatin A-4 through targeting autophagy. Cell Death & Disease, 8(9), e3048-.

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