Od600 diluphotometer

The tcpC-deficient reporter strain CFT073 tcpC::gfpmut2, and plasmid-transformed CFT073 reporter strains were cultured overnight at 37 °C and 200 rpm in LB medium or M9 minimal medium containing glucose in the presence of ampicillin (100 μg/mL) or kanamycin (25 μg/mL); wild-type CFT073 was cultured in the absence of antibiotics.
Bacterial growth was determined by measuring the optical density using an OD₆₀₀ DiluPhotometer (IMPLEN, Munich, Germany).

For Supplementary Fig. 8, growth curves of E. coli TOP10 cells were obtained using the BioTek Synergy™ H4 plate reader. Briefly, 120 μL of nutrient broth (LB) with and without antibiotic(s) were administered into the wells of a flat-bottom 96-well plate. The overnight bacterial cultures were used to inoculate fresh cultures into the 96-well plate with an optical density (OD₆₀₀) of 0.01. To avoid evaporation of the medium during measurements, the plate was closed with a lid and the sides were wrapped with parafilm tape. The reader was driven by Gen5 v2.01.14 software (temperature = 37 ^oC, run time = 20 h, read interval = 2 min and 43 s, wavelength = 600 nm, shake = slow, shake once every 130 s, read = absorbance end point, read speed = normal and delay = 100 msec). The reader was preheated before the start of the experiment. Chloramphenicol, ampicillin and kanamycin were used at a final concentration of 35 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL, respectively. For Supplementary Fig. 15, growth curves were measured in 100 mL conical flasks containing 20 mL of cultures in LB with the corresponding antibiotics incubated at 37 ^oC with shaking (220 rpm). Cultures were started with an OD₆₀₀ of 0.1 and were grown until OD₆₀₀ = 0.5 after which 0.1% arabinose and 100 μM IPTG were added. Absorbance was measured at regular intervals using OD₆₀₀ DiluPhotometer™ (IMPLEN).

Bacterial growth was determined by measuring the optical density using an OD₆₀₀ DiluPhotometer (IMPLEN, Munich, Germany).