Organic acids except for ferulic acid were determined using a Prominence HPLC system and an electroconductivity detection (Shimadzu CDD-10AVP). Each shinkiku (2 g) sample was mixed with 20 mL of deionized water, homogenized at 11,000 rpm for 1 min, and then, centrifuged at 4,800 × g for 5 min to obtain a supernatant. The supernatant was filtered through a 0.45 μm pore-size cellulose acetate membrane filter. The separation of organic acids was performed using an ion-exclusion chromatography column (Shim-pack SCR-102H, 8 mm I.D. × 300 mm × 2) equipped with a Guard column (SCR-102H, 6 mm I.D. × 50 mm) at 50°C using 4 mM p-toluenesulfonic acid as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The buffer solution containing 16 mM Bis-Tris, 4 mM p-toluenesulfonic acid, and 80 μM EDTA was pumped into the column at 0.8 mL/min flow rate.
Cdd 10avp
Manufactured by Shimadzu
Sourced in Japan
The CDD-10AVP is a Compact Disc Detector (CDD) model offered by Shimadzu. It is a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detector that utilizes a charge-coupled device (CCD) array for sensitive and precise measurement of absorbance. The CDD-10AVP is designed to provide reliable and accurate data for analytical applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Shim pack scr 102h, by Shimadzu (3 mentions)
High performance liquid chromatography (hplc), by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
Ph buffer for organic acid analysis, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
Nh3 kit, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Shim pack ic c4, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
Lc 20ad, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
Lc 30ad, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
20a hplc, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
Shodex asahipak nh2p 50 4d anion column, by Resonac (2 mentions)
Hplc system, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Ptfe membrane filter, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sh 1000lab, by Corona Electric (1 mentions)
Polytetrafluoroethylene membrane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Shim pack ic a3, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Shim pack ic sa3 column, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Shim pack ic c4 column, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Cto 20a, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Hamilton gastight syringe, by Hamilton Company (1 mentions)
Gc 8a, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Scr 102hg, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
14 protocols using cdd 10avp
1
Organic Acid Profiling of Shinkiku
2
Quantitative Analysis of Ion Exchange Membranes
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White precipitates on 25 cm2 of the AEM (583 d) or CEM (35 d) were scrubbed and dissolved in 10 mL of 0.1 N HCl. The extracts were then filtered using a PTFE membrane filter (0.45 μm pore size) (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany). The filtrates were diluted 5–20 times and analyzed using an ion chromatography system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), including an electron conductivity detector (CDD-10Avp). Anions and cations in the samples were separated at 40 °C using Shim-pack IC-A3 (Φ4.6 × 150 mm) and Shim-pack IC-C4 (Φ4.6 × 150 mm), respectively. The mobile phase was a mixture of 8 mM p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3.2 mM Bis-Tris, and 50 mM boric acid for anion analysis and a mixture of 2.5 mM oxalic acid dihydrate and 5 mM 18-Crown-6 for cation analysis.
The anode side of the AEM and CEM were observed by fluorescence microscopy after staining with SYBR Green II, a DNA-binding dye, as described in a previous study [34 (link)].
The anode side of the AEM and CEM were observed by fluorescence microscopy after staining with SYBR Green II, a DNA-binding dye, as described in a previous study [34 (link)].
3
Volatile Fatty Acid and Ammonia Analysis
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The concentration of VFA was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) after diluting the supernatant 3 times with distilled water. Briefly, the analytical specifications were as follows: column, Shim-pak SCR-102H (7 mm, i.d. 8.0 mm × 300 mm, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan); eluent flow rate and mobile phase for organic acid analysis (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) at 0.8 mL/min; column temperature, 40 °C; reaction reagent and flow rate, pH buffer for organic acid analysis (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) at 0.8 mL/min; conductivity detector (CDD-10AVP, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan). Quantification of the VFA concentration was performed using an external standard quantitation method [14 (link)].
The NH3-N concentration was measured by diluting samples 50 times with 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 5.5) and then they were analyzed following the procedure of the modified Fujii—Okuda method [19 (link)] using an NH3 kit (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corp, Osaka, Japan). The plate was read by a microplate reader (SH-1000 Lab, Corona Electric Co., Ltd., Japan) at an optical density of 630 nm.
The NH3-N concentration was measured by diluting samples 50 times with 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 5.5) and then they were analyzed following the procedure of the modified Fujii—Okuda method [19 (link)] using an NH3 kit (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corp, Osaka, Japan). The plate was read by a microplate reader (SH-1000 Lab, Corona Electric Co., Ltd., Japan) at an optical density of 630 nm.
4
Analysis of Sewage Treatment Effluent
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Influent and effluent BODs were analyzed by Toa Environmental Services Co., Ltd (Aichi, Japan). In this study, BOD rather than COD was determined, given that BOD is the permitted discharge water quality standard based on the regulation pertaining to sewage treatment systems in Japan. Ammonia (NH4+), nitrite (NO2−), and nitrate (NO3−) were quantitatively detected using an electron conductivity detector (CDD-10Avp; SHIMADZU, Kyoto, Japan) in an ion chromatograph equipped with Shim-pack IC-A3 (φ 4.6 × 150 mm; SHIMADZU) and Shim-pack IC-C4 (φ 4.6 × 150 mm; SHIMADZU) for anion and cation analyses, respectively. A mixture of 8 mM p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3.2 mM Bis–Tris, and 50 mM boric acid was used for anion analysis, whereas a mixture of 2.5 mM oxalic acid dihydrate and 5 mM 18-crown-6 was used for cation analysis. Samples were filtered using a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane (0.45 μm pore size) (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany), and the filtrates were injected at 1.5 mL. TN concentration was defined as the sum of NH4+, NO2−, and NO3− concentrations.
5
Ion Chromatography Analysis of Plant Samples
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In the second germination experiment, ion chromatography analysis was conducted once each week during the 65-day trial. Samples (10 mL) were taken from each container with a sterilized pipette tip and immediately filtered through a 0.22-μm PES membrane filter to remove fine suspended particles. Analysis was performed with a Prominence Ion Chromatography Dual System (HIC-20Asuper; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with a Shim-pack IC-SA3 column for anion analysis and a Shim-pack IC-C4 column for cation analysis (Shimadzu); column temperature, 45 °C; sample volume, 1.8 mL; elution flow rate, 0.8 mL/min; conductivity detection, CDD-10AVP (Shimadzu).
6
Ammonia Extraction from Chicken Manure
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The solid product was dried
and weighed using an electric balance. The liquid product was analyzed
using ion chromatography to determine the ammonia concentration. The
ion chromatography apparatus was the product of Shimadzu Co., Ltd.,
Japan, and comprised a high-pressure pump LC-20AD, a column oven CTO-20A,
and an electric conductivity detector CDD-10Avp. A Shim-pack IC-C4
column was used, and 2.5 mmol/dm3 oxalic acid solution
was used as the eluent with a flow rate of 1.0 cm3/min.
The liquid phase included other nitrogen-containing compounds.
The amount of nitrogen in the liquid product was determined by the
Kjeldahl method using ion chromatography instead of titration to quantify
the recovered ammonia.
The nitrogen yield of ammonia and that
of liquid-phase nitrogen
other than ammonia was defined as the ratio of the molar amount of
nitrogen in these compounds to the molar amount of nitrogen in feedstock
chicken manure, which was the sum of nitrogen in the solid phase and
nitrogen in ammonia. The ratio of the amount of nitrogen in the original
ammonia to total nitrogen in the feedstock was 0.270 mol-N/mol-N.
This value was considered to be the initial nitrogen yield of ammonia.
Hydrothermal treatment increased this value shown in the following
sections by the decomposition of nitrogen in the solid.
and weighed using an electric balance. The liquid product was analyzed
using ion chromatography to determine the ammonia concentration. The
ion chromatography apparatus was the product of Shimadzu Co., Ltd.,
Japan, and comprised a high-pressure pump LC-20AD, a column oven CTO-20A,
and an electric conductivity detector CDD-10Avp. A Shim-pack IC-C4
column was used, and 2.5 mmol/dm3 oxalic acid solution
was used as the eluent with a flow rate of 1.0 cm3/min.
The liquid phase included other nitrogen-containing compounds.
The amount of nitrogen in the liquid product was determined by the
Kjeldahl method using ion chromatography instead of titration to quantify
the recovered ammonia.
The nitrogen yield of ammonia and that
of liquid-phase nitrogen
other than ammonia was defined as the ratio of the molar amount of
nitrogen in these compounds to the molar amount of nitrogen in feedstock
chicken manure, which was the sum of nitrogen in the solid phase and
nitrogen in ammonia. The ratio of the amount of nitrogen in the original
ammonia to total nitrogen in the feedstock was 0.270 mol-N/mol-N.
This value was considered to be the initial nitrogen yield of ammonia.
Hydrothermal treatment increased this value shown in the following
sections by the decomposition of nitrogen in the solid.
7
Headspace Gas and VFA Analysis
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The headspace gas samples were analyzed by injection of 1 ml of the gas using Hamilton gastight syringe (Hamilton Company, Reno, Nevada, USA) in a gas chromatograph (GC-8A, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) as described previously (22 (link)).
VFA were analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) (23 (link)). Briefly, the analytical specifications were as follows: column, Shim-pak SCR-102H (7 mm, i.d. 8.0 mm × 300 mm, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan); eluent flow rate and mobile phase for organic acid analysis (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) at 0.8 ml/min; column temperature, 40°C; reaction reagent and flow rate, pH buffer for organic acid analysis (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) at 0.8 ml/min; conductivity detector (CDD-10AVP, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan). Quantification of VFA concentration was performed using the external standard quantitation method.
For measuring the concentration of NH3-N, samples were diluted 100 times using 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 5.5) and then analyzed according to the Modified Fujii-Okuda method (24 (link)) using NH3 kit (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corp., Osaka, Japan).
VFA were analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) (23 (link)). Briefly, the analytical specifications were as follows: column, Shim-pak SCR-102H (7 mm, i.d. 8.0 mm × 300 mm, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan); eluent flow rate and mobile phase for organic acid analysis (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) at 0.8 ml/min; column temperature, 40°C; reaction reagent and flow rate, pH buffer for organic acid analysis (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) at 0.8 ml/min; conductivity detector (CDD-10AVP, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan). Quantification of VFA concentration was performed using the external standard quantitation method.
For measuring the concentration of NH3-N, samples were diluted 100 times using 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 5.5) and then analyzed according to the Modified Fujii-Okuda method (24 (link)) using NH3 kit (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corp., Osaka, Japan).
8
Ion-Exclusion HPLC Analysis of Cecal SCFAs
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The cecal SCFA concentration was determined using ion‐exclusion HPLC according to the method of Tsukahara et al. (2014 ). The collected cecal contents (0.05 g) were mixed with distilled water (0.1 ml) and 12% perchloric acid (v/v; 15 µl). The mixture was then centrifuged for 10 min at 4°C, 13,000 g. The supernatants were collected and filtered using a 0.45 µm cellulose acetate membrane filter (Cosmonice Filter W; Nacalai Tesque). The samples were injected into a SIL‐30AC autosampler (Shimadzu). Two serial organic columns (Shim‐pack SCR‐102H, Shimadzu) with a guard column (SCR‐ 102HG; Shimadzu) were used to separate the SCFAs, (acetic acid, butyrate acid, propionic acid, and isobutyric acid). The column conditions were set at 50°C with an isocratic elution (0.8 ml/min) of 5 mmol/L p‐toluene sulfonic acid aqueous solution using a solvent delivery pump (LC‐30AD; Shimadzu). SCFAs were detected using an electronic conductivity detector (CDD‐10Avp, Shimadzu) following postcolumn dissociation (0.8 ml/min) with 5 mmol/L p‐toluene sulfonic acid, 20 mmol/L bis‐Tris, and 100 µmol/L EDTA. SCFAs were quantified with a system controller (CBM‐20A; Shimadzu), and the concentrations of acetate, butyrate, propionate, and isobutyrate were expressed in nmol/mg wet matter.
9
Fecal Metabolite Profiling by HPLC
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Fecal samples (200–400 mg) were prepared according to a previously described protocol29 (link) with some modifications. Briefly, the samples were mixed with a ninefold volume of Milli-Q water for 10 min. After centrifugation at 15,000 rpm, all of the supernatants were filtered with 0.45-μm filters (Millex-HA Filter Unit SLHA025NB; Merck). The filtered solutions were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. To determine the concentrations of lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, and phosphoric acid, frozen fresh fecal samples were analyzed using an HPLC Prominence instrument (Organic Acid Analyzer; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) was equipped on an ion-exclusion column (Shim-pack SCR-102H; Shimadzu) and an electric conductivity detector (CDD-10AVP; Shimadzu). The analytical conditions were as follows: mobile phase, 5 mM p-toluenesulfonic acid; buffer, 5 mM p-toluenesulfonic acid, 20 mM Bis–Tris, and 0.2 mM EDTA-4H; temperature, 40 °C; and flow rate, 0.8 ml/min.
10
HPLC Analysis of Amazake Composition
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The Amazake before lyophilization was centrifuged at 14,500 rpm for 5 min and the supernatant was injected into the HPLC system after filtration through a 0.45 μm filter. The separation column was Shim-pack SCR-102H (SHIMADZU CORPORATION), the column oven temperature was 45 °C, the mobile phase was five mmol/L p-toluenesulfonic acid, the reaction reagent was a 100 μmol/L EDTA-20 mmol/L Bis-Tris, and the flow rate was 0.8 mL/min. The solution was detected by a conductivity detector (CDD-10Avp, SHIMADZU CORPORATION).
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