A pressable leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic material was used in group EP (IPS Empress Esthetic, Ivoclar Vivadent AG). Impressions were taken using an elastometic material (Virtual Putty and Virtual Light Body, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). After preparing stone dies, die spacer was applied, and wax models were fabricated according to appropriate anatomic functional form of each tooth. The wax models were invested in [SheraFina 2000] (SHERA Werkstoff-Technologie GmbH & Co., Lemförde, Germany, Batch number: 30894) investment material. The investment ring was heated at 1060°C for 60 min for the burn-out of the wax analog, and the ingots were pressed into the investment mold using a Programat EP 5000 (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) furnace following the manufacturer's instructions. The press temperature was 1075°C, and the dwell time was 23 min. All restorations' occlusal thicknesses were checked using a digital caliper. If a restorations' thickness was not between 2.6 and 2.8, the procedure was repeated for standardization. Finally, a single-glaze firing was performed with Programat EP 5000 (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) furnace using IPS Empress Universal Glaze and Stain Liquid and Paste (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein).
Programat ep 5000
Manufactured by Ivoclar Vivadent
Sourced in Liechtenstein
The Programat EP 5000 is a high-performance dental laboratory furnace designed for sintering, glazing, and crystallization processes. It features a precise temperature control system and a large firing chamber to accommodate various dental restorations.
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Lab products found in correlation
Ips empress esthetic, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
Ips empress universal glaze, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
Virtual light body, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
Analytical plus, by Ohaus (1 mentions)
Isomet 1000, by Buehler (1 mentions)
Vita vm9, by Vita Zahnfabrik (1 mentions)
Secotom 50, by Struers (1 mentions)
Tegramin 20, by Struers (1 mentions)
Ips press vest speed, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
Protemp 4, by 3M (1 mentions)
Durelon, by 3M (1 mentions)
Ips e max cad, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
Ips empress cad, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
Ips e max press, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
8 protocols using programat ep 5000
1
Pressable Leucite-Reinforced Glass-Ceramic Fabrication
2
Measuring Inorganic Filler Content in CAD/CAM Blocks
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The mass percentage of inorganic filler content of the CAD/CAM blocks was measured by elimination of the organic part of the CAD/CAM blocks by heating at a constant temperature (ash technique) in accordance with ISO 1172:1996 [29 ]. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is an alternative method to measure the filler content and is possibly more accurate. Three samples of each material (n=3) were kept in an electric furnace (Programat EP 5000, Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein, Austria) set at 625°C for 30 min and then cooled in a desiccator. The samples were then weighed to an accuracy of 0.01 mg using a calibrated electronic analytical balance (Ohaus Analytical Plus, Ohaus Corporation, USA). The percentage of inorganic fillers by weight was then determined using the following equation: with m1 being the mass before heating and m2 the mass after heating and cooling.
3
Ceramic Thickness and Surface Preparation
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Rectangular ceramic discs (12×14 mm in size) were obtained from ceramic computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) blocks of lithium disilicate (LD) and leucite (LC) glassceramic (shade BL1, Empress CAD and E-Max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein; Table 1). The ceramic was sectioned using a diamond saw at slow speed (Isomet 1000, Buehler, lakeBluff, Illinois). For the LD ceramic, the specimens were crystallized in a porcelain furnace (Programat® EP 5000, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtensteinstand-by temperature of 403 °C followed by a 6 min closing time; firing temperature (T1) of 820 °C -rate of 90 °C/min and maintained constant for 10 min; second firing temperature (T2) of 840 °C -rate of 30 °C/min and maintained constant for 7 min). Thereafter, a surface of each specimen (LC and LD) was polished with #600, #800, #1000, and #1200 grit silicon carbide abrasive papers, thus simulating the clinical surface of a polished indirect restoration. Specimens with thicknesses of 1, 2, and 3 mm were prepared and measured using a digital caliper (Absolute, Mitutoyo Corp., Kawasaki, Japan). Three specimens of each ceramic with different evaluated thickness were prepared for the measurements.
4
Standardizing Dental Veneer Protocols
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To keep the design of the FDPs standardized, no veneering porcelain was added. All FDP frameworks were however heat-treated to simulate veneering process. The heat-treatment comprised four programs: a wash bake at 950 °C with 8 min heating and 1 min hold time, dentin 1 at 910 °C with 7 min heating and 1 min hold time, dentin 2 at 900 °C with 7 min heating and 1 min hold time, and a final glaze firing at 900 °C with 5 min heating and 1 min hold time. Starting temperature was 500 °C for all bakes with a 2–6 min predrying time. The firing was done in a calibrated furnace (Programat EP 5000, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) according to the Vita VM9 (VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) firing program. To simulate fatigue, the crowns then underwent 5,000 cycles of thermocycling between two water baths, 5 °C and 55 °C, in a thermocycling device (Thermocycler THE-1100, SD Mechatronics, Feldkirchen-Westerham, Germany). Each cycle lasted 60 s: 20 s in each bath and 10 s to transfer between baths.
5
Standardized Specimen Preparation for Materials Analysis
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Specimens needed for microstructure analysis, element analysis, and mechanical properties analysis (N = 60; n = 6 per material) were prepared the same way by cutting (Secotom-50; Struers, Ballerup, Denmark) the CAD/CAM blocks into standardized pieces of 1.5 mm thickness under water-cooling. EX specimens required a firing post processing step and were crystallized at 840°C according to the manufacturer's instructions (Programat EP 5000, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). All specimens were embedded in acrylic resin (Scandi Quick A and B, ScanDia, Hagen, Germany). Thereafter, all specimens were polished (Tegramin-20; Struers) in 4 steps with a series of silicon carbide papers (SiC) from P500, P1200, P2000 up to P4000 under water-cooling. Specimens were cleaned with distilled water in an ultrasonic bath (Ultrasonic T-14; L&R Manufacturing Co, New Jersey, USA) for 5 min.
6
Lost-wax Press Technique for Monolithic Crowns
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In this group, the crowns were fabricated using the lost-wax press technique. The same STereoLithography (STL) file generated for the MCM group was used for milling wax (Ceramill Wax, Amann Girrbach AG, Koblach, Austria) replicas (n=10) of the monolithic crowns. The wax crowns were invested (IPS PressVest Speed, Ivoclar Vivadent) and subsequently, a preheating cycle (Magma, Renfert GmbH, Hilzingen, Germany) was carried out to remove the wax at 870°C with a holding time of 60 minutes. The resultant void in the mould was finally filled with the pressable ceramic (IPS e.max Press LT A3, Ivoclar Vivadent) in the ceramic furnace (Programat EP 5000, Ivoclar Vivadent), according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Next, the crowns were divested, separated, and air-abraded with 120 µm glass beads at a pressure of 2 bar. The crowns were then glazed as in group MCM.
7
Provisional Restorations and Ceramic Inlays
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In groups L-IDS + and MR-IDS + , glycerine gel (Johnson & Johnson) was applied on the IDS layer before placing the provisional restorations in order to prevent adhesion between IDS and the provisional material (Protemp 4, 3M ESPE) [35] . Provisional restorations were adjusted using polishing discs (Sof-Lex Contouring and Polishing Disks, 3M ESPE) and luted with temporary cement (Durelon, 3M ESPE). Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 3 weeks.
One dental technician fabricated lithium disilicate inlays according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Ceramic restorations were milled in wax and then pressed and glazed in a ceramic oven (Programat EP5000, Ivoclar Vivadent) while multiphase resin composite restorations were milled in a 5-axis milling machine (Lava 3M CNC 500, 3M ESPE) and glazed.
One dental technician fabricated lithium disilicate inlays according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Ceramic restorations were milled in wax and then pressed and glazed in a ceramic oven (Programat EP5000, Ivoclar Vivadent) while multiphase resin composite restorations were milled in a 5-axis milling machine (Lava 3M CNC 500, 3M ESPE) and glazed.
8
Ceramic Blocks Preparation for Mechanical Testing
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Blocks were made with three glass ceramics: CAD / CAM lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), pressed lithium disilicate (IPS e.max Press, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and leucite-reinforced feldspathic ceramic (IPS Empress CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). The press and sintering process (Programat EP5000, Ivoclar Vivadent AG) of the press lithium disilicate was performed according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
The ceramic blocks were cut into rectangular slices using a diamond disk (Microdont, São Paulo, Brazil, 34.570), mounted on a straight micro-motor handpiece (LB100 Beltec, São Paulo, Brazil) under air/water cooling, resulting in 50 samples for each type of ceramic (10 mm x 5 mm x 2 mm). The dimensions were verified with digital caliper (Eccofer, Curitiba, Brazil) and surfaces were regularized with sand paper (600 grit). After surface regularization, the milled lithium disilicate blocks were sintered according to the manufacturer's recommendation.
The ceramic blocks were cut into rectangular slices using a diamond disk (Microdont, São Paulo, Brazil, 34.570), mounted on a straight micro-motor handpiece (LB100 Beltec, São Paulo, Brazil) under air/water cooling, resulting in 50 samples for each type of ceramic (10 mm x 5 mm x 2 mm). The dimensions were verified with digital caliper (Eccofer, Curitiba, Brazil) and surfaces were regularized with sand paper (600 grit). After surface regularization, the milled lithium disilicate blocks were sintered according to the manufacturer's recommendation.
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