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6 protocols using perchloric acid

1

Biogenic Amine Detection and Analysis Protocol

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Biogenic amine standards (histamine dihydrochloride (HIS), tryptamine hydrochloride (TRP), 2-phenylethylamine (2-PHE), putrescine dihydrochloride (PUT), cadaverine dihydrochloride (CAD), tyramine hydrochloride (TYR), spermidine trihydrochloride (SPD), and spermine tetrahydrochloride (SPM)) and dansyl chloride were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Perchloric acid, 25% ammonium hydroxide solution, sodium hydroxide sodium hydrogen carbonate, and diethyl ether were acquired from Daejung Chemical Co. (Siheung, Korea). Acetone and acetonitrile (High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade) were purchased from Tedia Co. (Fairfield, OH, USA). Compound mixtures of amino acids, borate buffer, o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (FMOC-Cl) were obtained from Agilent Technologies (Andover, MA, USA).
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2

Microplastic Detection and Characterization

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The target microplastics used in this study were clear polyethylene microspheres (Cospheric LLC, Santa Barbara, CA, USA). Hydrogen peroxide (35%, DAEJUNG, Siheung-si, South Korea), nitric acid (60%, DAEJUNG, Siheung-si, South Korea), perchloric acid (70%, DAEJUNG, Siheung-si, South Korea), sodium hypochlorite (9%, DAEJUNG, Siheung-si, South Korea), and potassium hydroxide (84%, DAEJUNG, Siheung-si, South Korea) were used as pretreatment solvents.Filtration was performed using 90-mm diameter Whatman Grade 40, Ashless filter paper, and 25-mm diameter black polycarbonate (PC) filter paper (0.8 μm) was used for fluorescence analysis. The dyeing reagents used in the fluorescence analysis were Nile red (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, USA), acetone (99.5%, DAEJUNG, Siheung-si, South Korea), n-hexane (95%, DAEJUNG, Siheung- si, South Korea), methyl alcohol (99.8%, JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ, USA), and chloroform (99.8%, DAEJUNG, Siheung-si, South Korea).
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3

Biogenic Amine and Amino Acid Analysis

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BA standards (tyramine hydrochloride, 2-phenylethylamine hydrochloride, putrescine dihydrochloride, cadaverine dihydrochloride, histamine dihydrochloride, tryptamine hydrochloride, spermidine trihydrochloride) and amino acid standards (L-Asp, L-Glu, L-Ser, L-Gly, L-His, L-Thr, L-Arg, γ-aminobutyric acid [GABA], L-Ala, L-Pro, L-Tyr, L-Val, L-Met, L-Iso, L-Leu, L-Phe, L-Trp, and L-Lys) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dansyl chloride, perchloric acid, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium dichromate, and silver nitrate were purchased from Daejung Chemical Co. (Siheung, Korea). Distilled water, acetone, and acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were purchased from Tedia Co. (Fairfield, OH, USA).
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4

Soil Sample Pretreatment for XRF Analysis

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Calcium oxide (96%), perchloric acid (85%), nitric acid (60%), lanthanum oxide (99%), ammonium acetate (97%), sulfanilic acid azochromotrop (SPANDS), and lanthanum alizarin complexone solution were purchased from Daejung Chemicals (Gyunggi, South Korea). Sodium hydroxide (98%), aqueous ammonia (25%), hydrochloric acid (35%), acetic acid (99.5%), and acetone (99.5%) were obtained from OCI Company Ltd.
(Seoul, South Korea). Zirconium oxychloride (35%) and boric acid (99.5%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Pittsburgh, PA, USA), and nitrophenol (99%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Heysham, UK). Sodium acetate trihydrate (98.5%) was obtained from Samchun (Gyunggi, South Korea), and Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB) III and ion control solutions were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). The chemicals were used as received without further purification, and all solutions used in the experiment were prepared with deionized water produced using Nex Power 1000 (Human, Seoul, South Korea). The liquid-binder aqueous additive for the pretreatment of soil samples for XRF analysis was purchased from Chemplex Industries Inc. (Palm City, FL, USA).
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5

Fabrication of Hydrophobic Demolding Reagents

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Aluminum foil (99.99%) was obtained from Alfa Aesar (Karlsruhe, Germany). Perchloric acid (70%), ethyl alcohol anhydrous (99.9%), oxalic acid (99.5%), chromium oxide (Ⅳ) (99%), phosphoric acid (99.5%), and acetone (99.5%) were purchased from Daejung Chemicals (Siheung, Korea). The fluorine hydrophobic demolding reagent, UV-curing polyurethane acrylate resins, and additives were synthesized by referring to the recent report [30 (link)].
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6

Amino Acid Derivatization for Analysis

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Dansyl chloride, TRY hydrochloride, PHE hydrochloride, PUT dihydrochloride, CAD dihydrochloride, HIS dihydrochloride, TYR hydrochloride, SPD trihydrochloride, and SPM tetrahydrochloride were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Perchloric acid, sodium hydrogen carbonate, l-proline, potassium dichromate, and silver nitrate were purchased from Daejung Chemical Co. (Siheung, Korea). Distilled water, acetone, and acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were purchased from Tedia Co. (Fairfield, OH, USA).
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