X pert3 diffractometer

The crystal structure of the prepared samples was determined on X'Pert³ diffractometer (PANalytical, Netherlands) with a Cu K_α as radiation source (λ = 1.54056 °A) in a 2θ range of 10–70°. The morphology of the prepared samples was characterized on a field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) (Hitachi, SU-5000) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEOL JEM-2100F). The chemical composition and the valence state of V in the prepared samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrometer (ESCALAB 250Xi) using monochromic Al K_α excitation.

The diffraction patterns of the BNF samples were obtained using a PANalytical, Xpert3 Diffractometer (Malvern, UK), which is equipped with the CRISP technology and enabled by the 2nd generation PreFIX technology, pneumatic shutters and with beams of 59 attenuators and Cu-K_α radiation (wavelength, λ = 1.54 Å) and generated at 45 kV below a current of 40 mA using a scan rate of 2θ = 10 min⁻¹ in the 2θ ranged between 10° and 90°. The 2θ reflection angle was used to acquire the diffraction patterns.
The following equation was used to calculate the crystallinity index (CrI)
$$\mathrm{CrI}=\mathrm{I}200-\mathrm{I}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{I}200$$
where Iam is the lowest intensity related to the amorphous structure, and I200 is the highest intensity of the diffraction peak.

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern is acquired by a wide-angle X-ray diffractometer (PANalytical X’pert3 diffractometer) using Cu Kα radiation of wavelength 1.54060 Å. The XRD data are collected at room temperature in the range of 10–50° (2θ) using a step size of 0.02°. Structural compositions of the films are obtained using Raman spectroscopy (Thermo Fisher DXR2xi, laser source of λ = 532 nm and power of 5 mW). The microstructures of the surfaces and cross-sections of the films are observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM; FEI Quanta 450). Before the SEM measurements, all samples are coated with the gold electrode by magnetron sputtering (Q150TS).