Carrageen

ADG and bilobalide were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and had a mass purity of >98.0%. TPGS was provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). SLS was obtained from Aladdin Industrial Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). ADG dripping pills were purchased from Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Aspirin was purchased from Bayer Healthcare Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Carrageen was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The diagnostic kits for superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and for nitric oxide (NO), Interleukin-1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Research Institute (Nanjing, China). The Caco-2 cell line was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), nonessential amino acids and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were supplied by Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Purified water was prepared using a Milli-Q^® purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Other chemical reagents of analytical grade or better were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China).