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Scanners

Manufactured by Siemens
Sourced in Germany

Siemens scanners are medical imaging devices used to capture detailed images of the body's internal structures. They employ various scanning technologies, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to generate high-quality diagnostic images. The core function of Siemens scanners is to provide healthcare professionals with the necessary visual information to support clinical decision-making.

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11 protocols using scanners

1

Longitudinal Shoulder MRI Evaluation

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Each participant completed two separate MRI studies approximately 1 year apart. Bilateral shoulders of all participants were imaged on GE scanners (General Electric Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) or Siemens scanners (Siemens Medical Systems, Elrlangen, Germany). All participants were imaged at 3 Tesla. Further details of the protocol can be found elsewhere.19
The images were assessed by a board-certified, fellowship-trained, musculoskeletal radiologist with 13 years of experience (N.S.M.).19 The radiologist was blinded to the study cohorts but not to the prior MRI examinations of each participant in order to access for subtle changes over time as is done in routine clinical care. Tendinopathies were rated as mild, mild-moderate, moderate, moderate-severe, and severe, and tendinopathy scores of 1 to 5 were assigned respectively. Tendon tears were graded as low, intermediate, and high grade partial thickness and full thickness tears, and tear scores of 6 to 9 were assigned respectively. Tendinopathy and tear scores at time 1 and time 2 and the differences between the scores at the two time points were calculated for each rotator cuff tendon (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor). Any positive difference in the tendinopathy or tear score on each shoulder (dominant or nondominant) was defined as progression of rotator cuff tendon pathology for that shoulder.
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2

Multimodal Brain MRI Acquisition

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Brain MRIs were acquired using three different Siemens scanners at the Karolinska University Hospital in Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden. The image acquisition parameters are presented in Table 2.
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3

Longitudinal Shoulder MRI in MWC Users

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Between February 2016 and March 2020, MWC users with SCI and matched able-bodied participants completed two separate MRI studies approximately one year apart. Bilateral shoulder MRI scans were performed on 22 MWC users and 22 able-bodied participants. Unilateral MRI scans were performed on two MWC users (dominant shoulder) and two able-bodied participants (one dominant and one non-dominant shoulder). Unilateral MRI scans were performed to accommodate a healing sacral pressure injury by reducing scan time for one SCI participant and scheduling needs for one SCI and two able-bodied participants. All participants were imaged on GE (General Electric Healthcare. Milwaukee, WI, USA) or Siemens scanners (Siemens Medical Systems, Elrlangen, Germany) at 3 Tesla except for two participants who required 1.5T due to implanted medical devices that were not compatible with 3T MRI. Further details of the protocol have been reported elsewhere.9 (link)
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4

Perfusion-Weighted Imaging for Stereotactic Radiosurgery

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MRIs with PWI sequences were performed before SRS and 1 week after SRS (day 7–10). PWI was acquired as dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast images with tracer method in which bolus injection of gadolinium contrast agent (MultiHance, Bracco Diagnostics Inc., Princeton, NJ; 0.1 mmol/kg) was followed by repeated T2*-weighted gradient echo-planar image acquisition using clinical 12 channel head coils with image resolution of 2.2 x 2.2 mm in plane resolution and spacing between slices of 6.22±0.5 mm, repetition time of 2.2±0.7 s, and echo time of 37±8 ms. PWI sequences were also included as part of the routine MRIs at the week 12 follow-up whenever possible. All MRIs were performed on Siemens scanners (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). MRIs at week 1 were performed on dedicated 3-Tesla research scanners, MRIs at baseline and week 12 were typically performed on 1.5-Tesla scanners as they were done as part of clinical care.
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5

Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Protocols for MRI Studies

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As this is a retrospective study, the MRI acquisition parameters varied from subject to subject. As such, the 2D spin-echo based DWIs were acquired on different Siemens scanners (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) using various scanning protocols. Four patients were scanned using 1.5 T Aera, two patients using 3 T Skyra, 10 patients using 3 T Verio, and 24 patients using 3 T Prisma Fit scanner. The parameters of the scanning protocol varied from patient to patient: 1.6–3.3 mm slice thickness and interslice gap, 3900–9500 ms TR, 56–100 ms TE, 18–30 diffusion gradient directions at b = 1000 s/mm2 and 1–10 gradients at b = 0 s/mm2. More detailed protocol description is given in the Table S2 in the Supplementary material.
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6

Diffusion Tensor Imaging Protocols Across Scanners

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Diffusion tensor imaging scans were acquired at two Siemens scanners (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany), a 1.5 T Avanto (n = 64, 70% female, mean age (SD, min–max) = 51 (13, 24–77) years), TR/TE = 8,200/81 ms, FOV = 128, 60 diffusion-sensitizing gradients at a b-value of 700 s mm−2 and two volumes without diffusion weighting (b-value = 0), and 3 T Skyra scanner (n = 187, 58% female, mean age (SD, min–max) = 55 (22, 19–81) years), TR/TE = 9,200/87 ms, FOV = 130, 64 diffusion-sensitizing gradients at a b-value of 1,000 s mm−2 and 1 volume without diffusion weighting. The sequences and scanner were the same across the two time points for each participant.
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7

Multivendor CT Image Database

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This study is composed of cases from different CT vendors. In total, 93 cases were obtained from Siemens scanners (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany), 50 from GE Healthcare (GE Healthcare, Wauwatosa, WI, United States) 44 from Phillps (Koninklijke Philips, Amsterdam, Netherlands), 57 from Toshiba (Toshiba, Minato City, Japan).
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8

Whole-Brain fMRI Acquisition Protocol

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Both whole brain, gradient EPI functional acquisitions were collected with Siemens scanners, 32-channel head coils, a flip angle of 70° and TR of 2 seconds. Data for both datasets were acquired ascending interleaved, without multiband/SMS, and with partial Fourier turned off (Supplemental Table 1). Subjects were given earplugs, a pillow beneath their knees for comfort, and foam padding was used to mitigate head movement.
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9

Comprehensive Neuroimaging Protocol for the ABCD Study

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A detailed description of the complete imaging procedures of the ABCD study is described by Casey et al. [47 (link)]. The scanning protocol was designed to be implemented with three different 3T Scanners (Siemens, General Electric, and Philips), allowing for data harmonization across 21 different imaging sites.
For the current study, we used the structural MRI data acquired from 3D T1-weighted images with a 1 mm isotropic resolution. The 3D T1-weighted images were acquired while the participant watched a child-friendly movie. Centralized processing and analyses of MRI data were conducted by the ABCD Data Analysis and Informatics Center. Real-time motion detection and correction were utilized on General Electric and Siemens Scanners. Signal-to-Noise Ratio and head motion statistics were automatically calculated for quality control. For manual quality control, images were reviewed by trained technicians, and those deemed unacceptable due to artifacts were not included in the data set [48 (link)].
Cortical volumes were constructed using FreeSurfer version 5.3.0 and segmented according to the Desikan–Killiany atlas [49 (link)]. Total Cortical Volumes for the prefrontal cortex (our primary region of interest) and occipital cortex (a control region) were calculated by summing the volumes of the regions of interest included in these areas. We also used bilateral total cortical volume.
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10

Resting-State Connectivity Analysis of Healthy and Diagnosed Individuals

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For the primary analyses, connectomes were generated from resting-state scans obtained from the Healthy Brain Network (HBN) (Alexander et al., 2017 (link)). All resting-state scans are 10 minutes long using Siemens Scanners at four different sites around the New York greater metropolitan area: Staten Island, Cornell University, City University of New York, and Rutgers University. After excluding subjects for missing scans/data and excessive motion (> 0.25 mm), 817 subjects remain (right-handed individuals: 713, left-handed individuals: 104). Subjects’ ages ranged from 5 to 22 (Fig. S1), where 148 subjects had no diagnosis and 669 had some diagnosis of learning disorders or symptoms of psychiatry. Edinburgh Handedness Questionnaire (EHQ) scores were used as a measure of the extent subjects were left- or right-handed. Scores ranged from −100 to 100 where −100 is considered an extremely left-handed individual and 100 is considered an extremely right-handed individual, (histogram: Fig. S2).
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