1 4 benzoquinone

Acetaldehyde, 1,4-benzoquinone, Pluronic P123, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and (3-methylaminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS) were acquired from Acros Organics (Waltham, MA, USA). Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and tetraethyl ortosilicate (TEOS) were obtained from Lach-Ner (Neratovice, Czech Republic). o-Benzylhydroxylamine hydrochloride was acquired from TCI (Oxford, UK). Bovine serum albumin (BSA), succinic anhydride, glutaraldehyde, and chloroAcetaldehyde solution (50% (w/w)) were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Ethanol absolute was obtained from Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain). DERA⁰²⁴ from Thermotoga maritima was purchased from Prozomix (Haltwhistle, UK). Acetonitrile, trifluoracetic acid (TFA), and 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene were acquired from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK).

Titanium(III) chloride (20% w/v in 2 N HCl), titanium(IV) chloride (0.09 M in 20% HCl), sodium citrate (99%), potassium ferricyanide (99+%), 1,4-benzoquinone (99%), potassium ferrocyanide (98.5%), monobasic (98+%) and dibasic (≥99%) sodium phosphate, and sodium 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCPIP, 98%) were acquired from ACROS Organics (Morris Plains, NJ). Sodium dithionite (>85%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA). All chemicals were used as received.

Drugs and compounds were obtained from the following sources: Sigma-Aldrich (Toronto, ON, Canada)- menadione, vitamin K₂, NADPH, bovine serum albumin, hemin and L-ascorbic acid; Alfa Aesar- (A Johnson Matthey, Ward Hill, MA, USA)- vitamin K₁; Tokio Chemical Industry America (Portland, OR, USA)- hydroquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, and 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-naphthalenedione); Acros Organics (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA)- alpha-tetralone, 1,4-cyclohexanedione; Ryan Scientific (Mt. Pleasant, SC, USA)- pentafluoromenadione; Otava Ltd. (Toronto, ON, Canada)- furan-containing naphthoquinones, furan-benzoxazine containing naphthoquinones, 2-aminophenyl naphthoquinones and 3-(piperidin-1-yl) naphtoquionones. 2-Phenylnaphthoquinones were obtained from Snieckus Innovations (Kingston, ON, Canada). 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylnaphthalene (methoxy analog of menadione) was a gift from Dr. D. N. Criddle, University of Liverpool, UK.