Quinic acid

The phytochemical components (quinic acid, epigallocatechin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, schaftoside, isoschaftoside, quercitrin, rosmarinic acid, myricetin, phlorizin, quercetin, kaempferol, betaine, and p-coumaric acid) were purchased from Targetmol (Wellesley Hills, MA, USA). Neochlorogenic acid and (-)-gallocatechin were purchased from ChemFace (Wuhan, China). MS grade acetonitrile, water, and formic acid were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Rockford, IL, USA). L. christinae was obtained from the National Development Institute of Korean Medicine (Gyeongsan, Korea) and was extracted (0.5 kg) by refluxing with distilled water (3.5 L), concentrated under reduced pressure, and then dried using a vacuum freeze dryer. The WELC powder was store at −20 °C until use.

Reference standard phytochemicals, including quinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, schaftoside, feruloylquinic acid, and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, were purchased from Targetmol (Wellesley Hills, MA, USA), and quercetin-O-glucuronide, kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide, and isorhamnetin-3-O-glucuronide were obtained from ChemFace (Wuhan, China). WEAG were analyzed using a Dionex UltiMate 3000 system equipped with a Thermo Q-Exactive mass spectrometer, following previously published protocols with some modifications [17 (link),18 (link)]. Chromatographic separation was performed using a Dionex UltiMate 3000 system coupled with a C18 column (Acquity BEH, 100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) and a gradient system comprising 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The Q-Exactive mass spectrometer operated in negative ion mode with a heated electrospray ionization source. The acquired data were subsequently analyzed using Xcalibur software (version 4.1, Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Reference standard phytochemicals, including quinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, schaftoside, feruloylquinic acid, and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, were purchased from Targetmol (Wellesley Hills, MA, USA), and quercetin-O-glucuronide, kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide, and isorhamnetin-3-O-glucuronide were obtained from ChemFace (Wuhan, China). WEAG were analyzed using a Dionex UltiMate 3000 system equipped with a Thermo Q-Exactive mass spectrometer, following previously published protocols with some modifications [17 (link),18 (link)]. Chromatographic separation was performed using a Dionex UltiMate 3000 system coupled with a C18 column (Acquity BEH, 100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) and a gradient system comprising 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The Q-Exactive mass spectrometer operated in negative ion mode with a heated electrospray ionization source. The acquired data were subsequently analyzed using Xcalibur software (version 4.1, Thermo Fisher Scientific).