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24 protocols using vesicle prep pro

1

Electroformation of Cholesterol-Doped GUVs

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1,2-Diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine
(DphPC; Avanti Polar Lipids), 10%
cholesterol (Sigma-Aldrich) GUVs were prepared via electroformation using the Vesicle Prep Pro unit (Nanion technologies,
Germany) and a protocol adapted from Angelova et al.30 (link) as previously described.12 (link)
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2

Lipid Bilayer Permeabilization Assay

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PC:PE (10 µL; 3:1, molecular weight) or PC:PE:PS (10 µL; 3:1:1, molecular weight) lipid mixtures with or without 0.5% TF-CHOL were dissolved in chloroform (5 mg/mL) and dried on indium tin oxide-coated glass. The chamber was filled with 300 mM sucrose, and the GUV was prepared using 3 V peak-to-peak and 5 Hz for 2 h at 37 °C using Vesicle Prep Pro (Nanion Technologies GmbH, Munich, Germany). The GUV images were acquired with Zeiss LSM 700 and analyzed using ZEN 2 software (Zeiss GmbH, Jena, Germany). GUV permeabilization was performed in external buffer (100 mM KCl, 100 mM sorbitol, and 5 mM HEPES/Tris, pH 7), and phase-contrast images were acquired with an Olympus CKX31 optical microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
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3

Liposome Preparation for Microscopy

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Liposomes were prepared as described previously [25 (link)]. Briefly, lipids were mixed in a molar ratio of 58% POPC/11% POPE/9% POPA/9% POPS/5% cholesterol/5% DGS-NTA/3% POPE Atto594. 5 μL was then spread on the surface of an ITO-covered slide and vacuum desiccated for 30 minutes. Once dry, a vacuum-greased O-ring was placed around the lipid mixture and the VesiclePrep Pro (Nanion Technologies) was used to produce an AC field (sinusoidal wave function with a frequency of 8Hz and amplitude 2V) before adding 270 μL of lipid swelling buffer (300mM sucrose dissolved in 5 mM Na-HEPES, pH 7.5). A second ITO-covered slide was then placed to cover the lipid/buffer mixture after 3 minutes followed by a 2-hour swell and a 5-minute fall step. GUVs were used immediately and diluted 1/20 with 20 mM Tris pH 8.5, 100 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM TCEP.
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4

Electroformation Method for GUVs Preparation

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The GUVs were prepared by electroformation method in a chamber connected with the Vesicle Prep Pro setup (Nanion Technologies GmbH, Munich, Germany). The lipid stock, formed from 10 mM of 1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPhPC) (Avanti Polar lipids) with 10% cholesterol, was dissolved in chloroform and then deposited on the conductive side of an electrode from the GUVs chamber. The electrodes were formed by transparent indium tin oxide slides (ITO-Slides). After total evaporation of solvent, an O-ring was placed around the dried lipid film. The lipids were assembled in a perfectly dehydrated lamellate phase. A non-ionic intracellular solution, 1 M Sorbitol was added to the lipid film without agitation. Then, the second ITO-Slide was placed on the top of the ring. The process of electroformation was controlled by the Vesicle Prep Pro setup and all parameters (amplitude, frequency, main time, rise time and fall time) of electroformation were programmed by Vesicle Control software. The parameters were an alternative tension of 3 V peak to peak with a progressive increase for the start time and a progressive decrease for the stop time to avoid an abrupt change, a frequency of 5 Hz was applied to the ITO-Slides over a period of 2 hours at 36°C.
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5

Thermal Behavior of PDE-5 Inhibitors in DPPC Liposomes

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Giant unilamellar vesicles were prepared from a liposome suspension containing 3 mM of pure DPPC and buffer solution (5 mM HEPES–KOH at pH 7.4) by the electroformation method using Vesicle Prep Pro (Nanion Technologies, Munich, Germany) (standard protocol; 3 V, 10 Hz, 1 h, 55 °C). The tested PDE-5 inhibitors were added to aliquots to obtain final concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 μM. The liposomal suspension was heated at a constant rate of 0.2 °C·min−1 using a μDSC 7EVO microcalorimeter (Setaram, Caluire-et-Cuire, France). The reversibility of the thermal transitions was assessed by reheating the sample immediately after the cooling step from the previous scan. The temperature dependence of the excess heat capacity was analyzed using Calisto Processing (Setaram, Caluire-et-Cuire, France). The thermal behavior of the lipids in the absence and presence of sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil was described by the changes in the temperature of the pretransition peak (ΔTp), the change in the maximum temperature of the main phase transition (ΔTm), and the change in the half-width of the main peak (ΔT1/2). The magnitudes of Tm and T1/2 were averaged from 3 to 4 independent experiments (mean ± sd, p ≤ 0.05).
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6

Liposome Preparation: POPC, POPS, POPA

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Liposomes were prepared as described previously (21 (link)). Briefly, MLVs were made by mixing 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-l-serine (POPS), and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (POPA) (Avanti Polar Lipids) at a molar ratio of 3:1:1 POPC/POPS/POPA, followed by vacuum drying the mixture and resuspending in 200 μl 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.0, 100 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM TCEP to shake for 0.5 h in a 37°C incubator (21 (link), 117 (link)). The lipid mixture was then vortexed and used immediately. For GUVs, lipids were mixed at a molar ratio of 58% POPC–11% POPE–9% POPA–9% POPS–5% cholesterol–5% DGS-NTA–3% POPE Atto594, of which 5 μl was spread on the surface of an ITO-covered slide and vacuum desiccated for 30 min. A vacuum-greased O-ring was placed around the dried lipid mixture, and the VesiclePrep Pro (Nanion Technologies) was used to produce an AC field (sinusoidal wave function with a frequency of 8 Hz and amplitude 2V) before adding 270 μl of lipid swelling buffer (300 mM sucrose dissolved in 5 mM Na-HEPES, pH 7.5). A second ITO-covered slide was used to cover the lipid/buffer mixture after 3 min, followed by a 2-h swell and a 5-min fall step. GUVs were used immediately and diluted 1/20 with 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.0, 100 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM TCEP.
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7

Characterization of DNA Nanopores

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The DNA nanopores were analyzed using 1.2% agarose gel electrophoresis in standard TBE buffer supplemented with 11 mM MgCl2.35 Dynamic light scattering measurements were carried out on a Zetasizer Nano S from Malvern65 (link) using DNA samples with a concentration of 0.25 μM in buffer A. For fluorescence microscopic imaging of nanopores embedded into lipid bilayers, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) in the range 1–30 μm were prepared using an electroformation unit (Vesicle Prep Pro, Nanion Technologies, Germany) as described.66 (link),67 (link) The GUVs (0.5 μL) suspended in 1 M KCl and 50 mM Tris, pH 8.0, were incubated with DNA nanopores at a final concentration of 3 nM for 10 min at RT. The suspension (20 μL) was then imaged using a previously described microscopic setup68 (link) with a 532 nm laser operating at 2 mW and an EMCCD camera (acquisition time of 5 ms). Data acquisition and image processing were performed as described.68 (link)
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8

Reconstitution and Formation of GUVs

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Lipids 1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DPhPC 4ME16:0PC) and cholesterol (ovine) were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA) and mixed in chloroform to the desired mole percentage, 95% DPhPC and 5% cholesterol. SUVs were formed following the previously described [25]. Briefly, lipids were reconstituted in chloroform in a glass vial and the chloroform was evaporated until a thin lipid layer is deposited on the bottom of the glass vial. The lipid layer is then placed under vacuum, −23 inhg, for >4 hours. Lipids are then rehydrated in 1ml of diH2O overnight at 60°C. The following day, lipids are vortexed and then passed through a 100 nm polycarbonate filter with the Mini-Extruder (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, AL USA) 7 times and stored at 4°C for two weeks. SUVs with or without channel incorporated are dried onto indium tin oxide coated glass slides from Nanion Technologies (Munich, Germany). The dried slides are placed on the Vesicle Prep Pro (Nanion Technologies) with a rubber o-ring and 300 mM sucrose. GUVs are formed using the standard program. Upon GUV formation, vesicles are used same day.
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9

Giant Unilamellar Vesicle Formation

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Portions (10 μl) of E. coli total lipid extract with 0.5% TF-CHOL were dissolved in chloroform (5 mg/ml) and dried on indium tin oxide-coated glass at 50°C. The chamber was filled with 300 mM sorbitol, and GUVs were produced by 2 V peak-to-peak and 8 Hz for 120 min at 36°C using Vesicle Prep Pro (Nanion Technologies GmbH, Munich, Germany). GUV images were acquired with a Zeiss LSM 700 and analyzed using ZEN 2 software (Zeiss GmbH, Jena, Germany).
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10

Formation of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles

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Chloroform stock solutions of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC, Avanti Polar Lipids), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (DOPS, Avanti Polar Lipids), and cholesterol (Sigma) were mixed at a final lipid concentration of 0.25 mM and labeled with 0.1% Rhodamine-PE (RH-PE, Avanti Polar Lipids). GUVs were grown on ITO slides (Nanion Technologies) by gently spreading 30 μL of the lipid solution and evaporating the solvent by an argon stream, followed by desiccation under a mild vacuum for at least 2 h. GUVs were then grown by electroformation in 275 mL of 300 mM sucrose solution using a Vesicle Prep Pro instrument (Nanion Technologies). First, the electroformation voltage was increased stepwise to 3 V, 15 Hz) and applied at 55 °C for 2 h, followed by a slow decrease of voltage and frequency (see SI Appendix B, Figure S1).
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