Powerlab 2 25

Manufactured by ADInstruments

Sourced in Australia, New Zealand

The PowerLab 2/25 is a data acquisition device designed for recording and analyzing physiological signals. It features multiple input channels, analog-to-digital conversion, and integration with ADInstruments software for data collection and analysis.

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PowerLab System 2/25 PowerLab

11 protocols using powerlab 2 25

Electroretinography Assessment in Mice and Rabbits

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ERG was recorded using a gold-loop corneal electrode with a light-emitting diode (Mayo Corp., Inazawa, Japan). A reference electrode was placed in the mouth, and a ground electrode was placed in the anus (in mice) or attached to the ear (in rabbits). Stimuli were produced with a light-emitting diode stimulator (Mayo Corp.). The ERG response signals were amplified (PowerLab 2/25; AD instruments, New South Wales, Australia). In photopic ERG on mice, stimulus intensity was 10.0 and 30.0 cds/m² and a background illumination of 30 cd/m²35 (link). Thirty to 50 responses were averaged to obtain the final photopic ERG waveform. For scotopic ERG, rabbits were dark-adapted for more than 60 min. Stimulus intensity was 0.01 (rod response), 3.0 (mixed cone and rod response) and 30.0 cds/m²35 (link). In order to investigate whether KUS121 affected the ERG signal, 3-month-old wild-type mice were assessed by ERG before and after daily oral administration of KUS121(ad libitum access to water containing 384.5 mg/L of KUS121 for 7 days). In the RP animal models, ERGs were recorded at 10 months (9 months after the start of treatmnet) and 19 months (6 months after the start of treatment) in rd12 mice and at 12 weeks (9 weeks after the start of treatment) in RP rabbits. The a- and b-wave amplitudes were analyzed using Chart & Scope software (AD instruments, New South Wales, Australia).

Hasegawa T., Muraoka Y., Ikeda H.O., Tsuruyama T., Kondo M., Terasaki H., Kakizuka A, & Yoshimura N. (2016). Neuoroprotective efficacies by KUS121, a VCP modulator, on animal models of retinal degeneration. Scientific Reports, 6, 31184.

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Evaluating Retinal Function in Ischemic Injury

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ERG recording was performed to assess the visual function of Thy1-GFP rats 7 days after the retinal ischemic injury. Rats were dark-adapted overnight before anesthetization. ERGs were recorded using a gold loop corneal electrode with a light-emitting diode (Mayo Corp.). A reference electrode was placed in the mouth and a ground electrode was attached to the tail. Stimuli were produced with a light-emitting diode stimulator (Mayo Corp.). Full-field ERGs were recorded with a Ganzfeld sphere and with single flashes with intensities of 3 cd·s·m⁻². The electroretinogram response signals were amplified, digitized at 10 kHz with a band-pass filter of 0.3 to 500 Hz, and analyzed (PowerLab 2/25; AD Instruments). The a- and b-wave amplitudes of the mixed cone and rod response (ISCEV [International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision] standard; scotopic 3.027 (link)) were analyzed.

Hata M., Ikeda H.O., Kikkawa C., Iwai S., Muraoka Y., Hasegawa T., Kakizuka A, & Yoshimura N. (2017). KUS121, a VCP modulator, attenuates ischemic retinal cell death via suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Scientific Reports, 7, 44873.

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Electroretinography in GLAST Mice

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Electroretinography was performed in GLAST (+/-) mice at 12 months of age. Mice were dark-adapted overnight before anesthetization. Positive threshold response (pSTR) (Saszik et al., 2002 (link)) was recorded using a gold loop corneal electrode with a light-emitting diode (Mayo Corp., Inazawa, Japan). A reference electrode was placed in the mouth and a ground electrode was inserted into the anus. Stimuli were produced with a light emitting diode stimulator (3.98 cd m⁻², for 10 μsec, -4.40 log cd s m⁻², Mayo Corp.). Up to 100 responses were averaged to obtain the final pSTR (PowerLab 2/25; AD instruments, New South Wales, Australia).

Nakano N., Ikeda H.O., Hasegawa T., Muraoka Y., Iwai S., Tsuruyama T., Nakano M., Fuchigami T., Shudo T., Kakizuka A, & Yoshimura N. (2016). Neuroprotective effects of VCP modulators in mouse models of glaucoma. Heliyon, 2(4), e00096.

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Evaluation of Retinal Function in rd10 Mice

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Electroretinogram recording was performed to assess the visual function of rd10 mice at ages of 21, 25, 29, and 33 days. Mice were dark-adapted overnight before anesthetization. Electroretinograms were recorded using a gold loop corneal electrode with a light-emitting diode (Mayo Corp., Inazawa, Japan). A reference electrode was placed in the mouth and a ground electrode was inserted to the anus. Stimuli were produced with a light emitting diode stimulator (Mayo Corp.). The electroretinogram response signals were amplified, digitized at 10 kHz with a band-pass filter of 0.3 to 500 Hz, and analyzed (PowerLab 2/25; AD instruments, New South Wales, Australia). The a- and b-wave amplitudes and a-wave latency of the mixed cone and rod response (ISCEV (International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision) standard; scotopic 3.0)34 (link) were analyzed.

Ikeda H.O., Sasaoka N., Koike M., Nakano N., Muraoka Y., Toda Y., Fuchigami T., Shudo T., Iwata A., Hori S., Yoshimura N, & Kakizuka A. (2014). Novel VCP modulators mitigate major pathologies of rd10, a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Scientific Reports, 4, 5970.

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Scotopic and Photopic Electroretinography

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A gold-loop corneal electrode with a light-emitting diode (Mayo Corp.) was used to record electroretinography. A reference electrode was placed in the mouth, and a ground electrode was placed in the anus. A light-emitting diode stimulator (Mayo Corp.) was used to produce stimuli. Scotopic electroretinography was recorded after overnight dark adaptation with stimulus intensity of 0.01 (rod response), 3 (mixed cone and rod response), and 30 cds/m² (McCulloch et al., 2015 ). Photopic electroretinography was recorded with stimulus intensity of 3, 10, and 30 cds/m² and a background illumination of 30 cd/m² (McCulloch et al., 2015 ). The electroretinography response was amplified (PowerLab 2/25; AD instruments), and up to 4 responses were averaged in scotopic electroretinography, and 30 to 50 responses were averaged in photopic electroretinography, to obtain the final electroretinography waveform. The stimulus interval was set at ≥15 seconds for scotopic 0.01 electroretinography, ≥60 seconds for scotopic 3 and 30 electroretinographies, and at 1.0 second for photopic electroretinographies. Chart & Scope software (AD instruments) was used to analyze the amplitudes of the a-wave, which has been reported to reflect rod function (Hood and Birch, 1990b (link)) and the b-wave, which has been reported to derived from bipolar cells (Hood and Birch, 1996 (link)).

Hasegawa T., Ikeda H.O., Iwai S., Muraoka Y., Tsuruyama T., Okamoto-Furuta K., Kohda H., Kakizuka A, & Yoshimura N. (2018). Branched chain amino acids attenuate major pathologies in mouse models of retinal degeneration and glaucoma. Heliyon, 4(2), e00544.

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Auditory Brainstem Response in Mice

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Mice were anaesthetised by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (100 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg), and placed into a sound-isolated chamber. Subcutaneous needle electrodes were inserted into the pinna and vertex, with a ground electrode near the hip. Responses to click stimuli and tone pip stimuli at 4, 8, 12, 24, and 32 kHz were recorded using a Power Lab 2/25 (AD Instruments, Sydney, Australia) and TDT Auditory Workstation (Tucker-Davis Technologies, Alachua, FL, USA). The duration of tone bursts was 1 msec. The sound level was raised in 5-dB steps from 0 dB to 100 dB. Overall, 500 responses were amplified and averaged. The threshold level was determined as the point above which any wave could be detected. All ABR were measured blinded to mouse genotype.

Hanada Y., Nakamura Y., Ozono Y., Ishida Y., Takimoto Y., Taniguchi M., Ohata K., Koyama Y., Imai T., Morihana T., Kondo M., Sato T., Inohara H, & Shimada S. (2018). Fibroblast growth factor 12 is expressed in spiral and vestibular ganglia and necessary for auditory and equilibrium function. Scientific Reports, 8, 11491.

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Measuring NO Release with GSNO

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The amount of NO released following addition of NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) to our experimental buffer (KRH; see below) was measured using an Apollo 1000 Free Radical analyser with an ISO-NOPF100 NO microsensor (1 mm) (World Precision Instruments, USA). The sensor was calibrated with S-nitroso-N-Acetyl-D,L-Penicillamine (Toronto Research) in 0.1 M CuCl₂ solution ^{22 (link)}. Data were acquired using a Powerlab 2/25 and recorded in LabChart 8.1 (ADInstruments, New Zealand).

Cucarella C., Solano C., Valle J., Amorena B., Lasa Í, & Penadés J.R. (2001). Bap, a Staphylococcus aureus Surface Protein Involved in Biofilm Formation. Journal of Bacteriology, 183(9), 2888-2896.

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Auditory Brainstem Response Measurement in Mice

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The details of the ABR test and the method have been reported previously^{22 (link)}. We injected ketamine (100 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) into the peritoneal cavity of mice and put mice into a sound isolation chamber. Subcutaneous needle electrodes were inserted in the pinna and vertex, with a ground electrode near the tail. Responses to tone pip stimuli were recorded at 4, 8, 12, 24, and 32 kHz, intensities ranging from 0 to 100 dB-SPL instep of 5 dB, in 8–10-week-old mice using a Power Lab 2/25 (AD Instruments, Australia) and a TDT Auditory Workstation (Tucker-Davis Technologies, Alachua, Florida, USA). The duration of tone bursts was 1 ms. We amplified and averaged 500 responses. All ABRs were measured without knowing the profiles or genotypes of the mice.

Ozono Y., Tamura A., Nakayama S., Herawati E., Hanada Y., Ohata K., Takagishi M., Takahashi M., Imai T., Ohta Y., Oshima K., Sato T., Inohara H, & Tsukita S. (2021). Daple deficiency causes hearing loss in adult mice by inducing defects in cochlear stereocilia and apical microtubules. Scientific Reports, 11, 20224.

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Nitric Oxide Release Measurement

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Power A.S., Asamudo E., Worthington L.P., Alim C.C., Parackal R., Wallace R.S., Ebenebe O.V., Brown J.H., Kohr M.J., Bers D.M, & Erickson J.R. (2023). Nitric Oxide modulates spontaneous Ca2+ release and ventricular arrhythmias during β-adrenergic signalling through S-nitrosylation of Calcium/Calmodulin dependent kinase II. bioRxiv.

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Photopic ERG Response Measurement

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ERG using a gold-loop corneal electrode with a light-emitting diode (Mayo Corp., Inazawa, Japan) was performed⁵⁴. A reference electrode was placed in the mouth, and a ground electrode was placed in the tail. Stimuli were produced with a light-emitting diode stimulator (Mayo Corp.). Then, the ERG response signals were amplified (PowerLab 2/25; AD Instruments, New South Wales, Australia). The photopic ERG responses of b-waves elicited by light at an intensity of 30 cds/m² were recorded at 2 weeks after NaIO₃ administration. B-wave amplitudes were analyzed using Chart & Scope software (AD Instruments).

Kohno M., Musashi K., Ikeda H.O., Horibe T., Matsumoto A, & Kawakami K. (2020). Oral administration of ferulic acid or ethyl ferulate attenuates retinal damage in sodium iodate-induced retinal degeneration mice. Scientific Reports, 10, 8688.

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