Isoproterenol hcl

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Isoproterenol HCl is a synthetic catecholamine compound used as a laboratory reagent. It functions as a non-selective beta-adrenergic agonist, stimulating both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. This compound is commonly utilized in various research applications, particularly in the study of cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

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7 protocols using isoproterenol hcl

Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in Mice

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Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane, and Alzet osmotic minipumps (model 2002, Durect Corp, Cupertino, CA) were implanted subcutaneously in the neck. For postoperative analgesia buprenorphine 0.05 mg/kg was administered subcutaneously. Mice were randomized to receive isoproterenol HCl (I6504, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) at a dose of 30 μg/g per day, dissolved in acidified isotonic saline, or isovolumic acidified saline alone (vehicle). Isoproterenol treatment was continued for 14 days.

Streit M.R., Weiss C.S., Meyer S., Ochs M.M., Hagenmueller M., Riffel J.H., Buss S.J., Heger T., Katus H.A, & Hardt S.E. (2016). Cardiac Effects of Attenuating Gsα - Dependent Signaling. PLoS ONE, 11(1), e0146988.

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Myocardial Infarction Mouse Models

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All animal procedures were approved by the Imperial College Governance Board for Animal Research and the Home Office (UK) and The Jackson Laboratory Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, respectively. Mouse strains used in this study were B6(Cg)-Clec9a^tm1.1Crs/J (CLEC9a^−/−), B6.129S2-Cd8a^tm1Mak/J (CD8^−/−), and C57BL/6J (wild type [WT]). T1MI was induced by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery as previously described^{30 (link)} in male and female mice 10 to 12 weeks of age. T2MI was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 160 mg/kg isoproterenol HCL (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), as described previously.³¹ Monitoring of cardiac function was performed by transthoracic echocardiography by a blinded operator using a high-frequency ultrasound system Vevo 770 (VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, Canada) with a 30-MHz linear transducer.

Forte E., Perkins B., Sintou A., Kalkat H.S., Papanikolaou A., Jenkins C., Alsubaie M., Chowdhury R.A., Duffy T.M., Skelly D.A., Branca J., Bellahcene M., Schneider M.D., Harding S.E., Furtado M.B., Ng F.S., Hasham M.G., Rosenthal N, & Sattler S. (2020). Cross-Priming Dendritic Cells Exacerbate Immunopathology After Ischemic Tissue Damage in the Heart. Circulation, 143(8), 821-836.

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Pharmacological Modulation of Rodent Behaviors

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Chlordiazepoxide HCl, pentobarbital Na, d-amphetamine SO₄, chlorpromazine HCl, clomipramine HCl, and isoproterenol HCl (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA), MDL100907 (Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK), and citalopram HBr (synthesized by Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis IN, USA). were dissolved in 0.9% NaCl. All compounds were prepared just prior to dosing and administered i.p. in a volume of 1 ml/kg body weight (mice) or 10 ml/kg body weight (rats). Fluoxetine was administered s.c. For marble burying, compounds were administered either 30 min, 15 min (pentobarbital), or 10 min (d-amphetamine) prior to behavioral testing. For nestlet shredding and locomotor acitivity, compounds were administered immediately prior to testing. Drug doses are expressed as the salt.

Rodriguez M.M., Overshiner C., Leander J.D., Li X., Morrow D., Conway R.G., Nelson D.L., Briner K, & Witkin J.M. (2017). Behavioral Effects of a Novel Benzofuranyl-Piperazine Serotonin-2C Receptor Agonist Suggest a Potential Therapeutic Application in the Treatment of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 89.

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Neurotransmitter Quantification in Brain Tissue

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Each brain sample was homogenised using a bio-masher (Funakoshi, Tokyo, Japan), and then 300 μL/10 mg tissue of 0.2 M perchloric acid (containing 100 μM EDTA-2Na) was added. Both isoproterenol HCL (monoamine internal standard) and homoserine (amino acid internal standard) (both Sigma) were added. Homogenates were placed on ice for 30 min and then centrifuged at 20,000 × g for 15 min at 0 °C. Supernatants were mixed with 1 M sodium acetate to adjust the pH to 3.0, and filtered by Ultra free MC (Millipore). Final products were injected into the HPLC system HTEC-500 (electrochemical detector; Eicom, Kyoto, Japan), equipped with a SC-5ODS column for monoamines or a SA-5ODS column for amino acids. Chromatographs were analysed using PowerChrom software version 2.5 (eDAQ Pty Ltd., Densitone East, Australia).

Ihara F., Nishimura M., Muroi Y., Furuoka H., Yokoyama N, & Nishikawa Y. (2016). Changes in neurotransmitter levels and expression of immediate early genes in brain of mice infected with Neospora caninum. Scientific Reports, 6, 23052.

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Synthesis and Characterization of ITI-214

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ITI-214 (full molecular weight (phosphate salt) = 606, 6aR,9aS)-2-(4-(6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)benzyl)-5-methyl-3-(phenyl-amino)-5,6a,7,8,9,9a-hexahydrocyclopenta-[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazolo[4,3-e]pyrimidin-4-(2H)-one phosphate), was synthesized by Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc. (New York, NY). Its K_i for full-length recombinant r-hPDE1A, 1B, and 1C is 34, 380, and 37 pM, respectively, with 900-fold greater activity toward PDE1C isoforms compared with the next nearest PDE family enzyme, PDE4D (K_i = 33 nM), and 10⁴-3×10⁵ -fold selectivity toward all other PDE enzyme families^{28 (link)}. Additional pharmaceuticals were dobutamine (Hospira Inc, Lake Forest, IL), esmolol HCl (Mylan, Rockford, IL), cilostamide, MRS1754 (Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK), Hespan (6% Hetastarch in 0.9% NaCl, B. Braun Medical Inc., Bethlehem, PA), forskolin, isoproterenol HCl, and 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO).

Hashimoto T., Kim G.E., Tunin R.S., Adesiyun T., Hsu S., Nakagawa R., Zhu G., O’Brien J.J., Hendrick J.P., Davis R.E., Yao W., Beard D., Hoxie H.R., Wennogle L.P., Lee D.I, & Kass D.A. (2018). Acute Enhancement of Cardiac Function by Phosphodiesterase Type 1 Inhibition: A translational study in the dog and rabbit. Circulation, 138(18), 1974-1987.

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Isoproterenol and Benfotiamine Protocol

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Isoproterenol-HCl and benfotiamine (thiamine derivative) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA) with CAS Registry Numbers# 51-30-9 and 22457-89-2 respectively. All other used chemicals and reagents, unless otherwise specified, were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Ahmed L.A., Hassan O.F., Galal O., Mansour D.F, & El-Khatib A. (2020). Beneficial effects of benfotiamine, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. PLoS ONE, 15(5), e0232413.

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Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Stress Testing

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A group of transgenic and wild type mice was assigned to a isoproterenol-treated group (TG n = 12; WT n = 13). Isoproterenol HCl (I6504, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), which is a synthetic catecholamine that stimulates both β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors (no alpha receptor capabilities), was administered intravenous by catheterization of the internal jugular vein at increasing concentrations (0,02 μg/kg/min. → 0,05 μg/kg/min. → 0,1 μg/kg/min. → 0,2 μg/kg/min.; with step-up every 3 minutes). Then, all animal were treated with intravenous propranolol HCl (P0884, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) as a nonselective β AR blocker at a dosis of 1 mg/kg/min for 2 minutes.
To evaluate the extent of maximal β-adrenergic stimulation, additional transgenic animals (n = 7) were exposed to higher doses of isoproterenol (0,2 μg/kg/min. → 0,5 μg/kg/min. → 1,0 μg/kg/min. → 1,5 μg/kg/min. → 2,0 μg/kg/min.; with step-up every 3 minutes). This was carried out in an additional experimental setup to avoid the influence of volume overload.

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