Whatman paper no 42

Manufactured by Cytiva

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom

Whatman paper No. 42 is a type of filter paper commonly used in laboratories. It is designed for general filtration applications, providing reliable and consistent performance.

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Lab products found in correlation

Whatman, by Cytiva (23 mentions) As18 column, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Dionex ics 2000, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Orion model 420a, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Whatman cellulose paper no 42, by Cytiva (1 mentions) Cm 3600d, by Konica Minolta (1 mentions)

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23 protocols using whatman paper no 42

Nitrogen Mineralization in Leaf Litter

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The leaves litter was incubated with earthworms at 25°C, and nitrogen mineralization was measured at 0, 7, 15, 30, 45, 75, and 105 days. Five grams of litter were put in a plastic bottle, then added with a 50 ml 2 M KCl solution and shaken for an hour. The solution was filtered with Whatman paper no.42, and the aliquot was analyzed to determine ammonium (NH4 + ) content by using the indophenol blue method (Bolleter et al, 1961) (link). Nitrate (NO3 -) was measured using a derivative spectrophotometric method (Lastra, 2003) , in which 0.1 g of the litter passing of 40 mesh strainer was saturated with 10 ml of distilled water and heated at 45°C using a water bath for an hour then filtered using Whatman paper no.42 until clear extract was obtained. As much as 0.1 ml of clear extract was put into a test tube, and 0.4 ml of salicylic acid solution was added and allowed to stand for 20 minutes at room temperature. A total of 9.5 ml of 2N NaOH was added slowly and directly measured using spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 388 nm.
The potential of N mineralization was calculated by the kinetic approach of the Zero order, First order, and Secondorder models (Stanford & Smith, 1972) . Nitrogen mineralization was N that was mineralized in time (t), N0 was the potential for mineralized N, and k was the rate of mineralization.

Utami K., Hanudin E., & Nurudin M. (2020). The kinetics curve of nitrogen mineralization from perennial leaves litter decomposed by earthworm (Phretima californica). Sains Tanah - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology, 17(2), 152-152.

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Endophytic Bacillus Strains Solubilize Fe-P

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Four endophytic Bacillus strains, B1920, B1923, B2084, and B2088, previously isolated from maize sap, roots, and leaves,²¹ were analyzed for Fe-P solubilization in liquid culture. The strains were reactivated on PDA plates (200 g L⁻¹ of potato, 20 g L⁻¹ of dextrose and 15 g L⁻¹ of agar), using the method of streaking for obtaining pure colonies. One colony of each strain was transferred to trypticase soy broth, incubated overnight at 28 °C and subsequently 5 × 10⁷ cells mL⁻¹ of the bacterial suspension was transferred, in triplicate, to 100 mL of National Botanical Research Institute's phosphate growth (NBRIP) medium²² (link) supplemented with FePO₄ (5 g L^–1) and incubated at 28 °C for 9 days at 120 rpm. After incubation, the cultures were centrifuged at 5000 × g for 10 min, the supernatant was filtered using Whatman no. 42 paper, the soluble P concentration was determined,²³ and the pH was measured.

Ribeiro V.P., Marriel I.E., Sousa S.M., Lana U.G., Mattos B.B., Oliveira C.A, & Gomes E.A. (2018). Endophytic Bacillus strains enhance pearl millet growth and nutrient uptake under low-P. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 49(Suppl 1), 40-46.

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Heavy Metal Analysis in Soil and Biota

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To assess the heavy metals on all soils used for the current experiments, a sample of 5.0 g of an air dried and ground soil were sieved and placed in an Erlenmeyer flask and a volume of 20 mL extracting solution containing 0.05 HCl and 0.025 H₂SO₄ was added to each sample and placed in a mechanical shaker for 15 min before filtered through Whatman (No. 42) paper in a 50 mL volumetric flask and the volume was completed to 50 mL with extracting solution (Elmer, 1996 ). On the other hand, 1.0 g of dried earthworm powder and tilapia muscle samples were weighed and placed in a porcelain crucible and ashed in a muffled furnace at 500 °C for 8 h. Then the ashes were cooled and dissolved in 5 mL of 20% HCl. The mixtures were filtered through an acid washed filter paper into a 50 mL volumetric flask and the volume was completed to 50 mL with deionized water and mixed well. For quantitative measurements of Cd²⁺, Cr²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (A.A.S. 3110 Model, 210 VGP Buck scientific) was used according to the manufacturer protocol. Metal concentrations expressed as mg/L were measured according to Perkin Elmer Manual (1996 ).

Siddig N.A., Ahmed A.A., Saad S.A, & Koua F.H. (2019). Heavy metals accumulation from sewage sludge in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Trewavas, 1983) during a sludge-earthworm-fish short-term cycling. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 8(1), 7257.

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Isolation and Analysis of Root Exudates

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The supernatant containing the root exudates was filtered through Whatman No. 42 paper, pH adjusted to 6–7, and concentrated using a vacuum manifold and Strata-X-AW 33 μm Polymeric Weak Anion-Exchange tubes (Phenomenex, USA). Each Strata column was activated with 6 mL of methanol followed by 6 mL of Milli-Q water. Samples (approximately 220 mL) were added to the columns and the vacuum was applied to pull the liquid through the columns and bind the organic acids, with a rate of application such that individual drops came off of the column at approximately 1 drop per second. After sample application, the columns were washed with 2 × 5 mL of 25 mM ammonium acetate (pH 6–7) and the vacuum was applied until all liquid had entered the column and it appeared dry. Organic acids were subsequently eluted from the columns using 2 × 5 mL of 5% ammonium hydroxide dissolved in methanol. The samples were evaporated until dry using a Labconoco RapidVap™ N₂ Evaporation System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA), resuspended in 5 mL of 10 mM KCl, and analyzed using ion chromatography (IC; DIONEX ICS-2000 employing suppressed conductivity detection with an AS18 column; Thermo Fisher Scientific, ON, Canada). Organic acid elution times were compared to standards for formate, malate, oxalate, succinate, and tartrate [27 (link)].

Town J.R., Dumonceaux T., Tidemann B, & Helgason B.L. (2023). Crop rotation significantly influences the composition of soil, rhizosphere, and root microbiota in canola (Brassica napus L.). Environmental Microbiome, 18, 40.

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RDS Aqua Regia Digestion Protocol

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RDS samples were digested in a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid (molar ratio of 3:1, aqua regia) per the ISO-11466 method (ISO, 2000) . This type of digestion was performed in 250-mL glass beakers covered with watch glasses. A thoroughly mixed RDS sample of 3.00 g was digested in 28 mL of aqua regia on a hot plate for 3 hours at 110 °C.
After evaporation to near dryness, the RDS sample was diluted with 20 mL of 2% (V/V with H2O) nitric acid and transferred to a 100-mL volumetric flask after filtering through Whatman no. 42 paper and diluted to 100 mL with distilled water.

Zafra C., Temprano J, & Suárez J. (2017). A simplified method for determining potential heavy metal loads washed-off by stormwater runoff from road-deposited sediments. The Science of the total environment, 601-602.

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Yogurt Physicochemical Properties Measurement

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The pH values of the yogurt were recorded using PM12E digital pH meter (Fan Azma Gostar). Also, TTA of yogurt was measured according to the AOAC official method and expressed as % lactic acid (AOAC, 2005).
The extent of syneresis was determined as recommended by Tamime, Barrantes, and Sword (1996). In brief, 25 g of each yogurt batches was weighted on a Whatman paper No. 42 (Whatman), which was placed on the top of a funnel. The method was based on drainage of whey separated from the gel network under the gravity force at 4°C for 2 hr. The percent of syneresis was calculated as the mass of the whey collected in a flask of known weight divided by the initial yogurt mass.
Water‐holding capacity (WHC) was measured based on the centrifugation method reported by Sahan, Yasar, and Hayaloglu (2008). For this purpose, approximately 5 g of yogurt was weighted in the test tube (M_i) and centrifuged at 3556 x g for 30 min at 10°C. The resultant supernatant was discarded, and the expelled precipitate was collected and weighed (M_p). WHC was calculated using the equation:

WHC (%) = [1 - (M_{p} / M_{i})] \times 100,

where M_i and M_p were the initial weight of the sample and the final weight of the precipitate, respectively.

Ghaderi‐Ghahfarokhi M., Yousefvand A., Ahmadi Gavlighi H., Zarei M, & Farhangnia P. (2020). Developing novel synbiotic low‐fat yogurt with fucoxylogalacturonan from tragacanth gum: Investigation of quality parameters and Lactobacillus casei survival. Food Science & Nutrition, 8(8), 4491-4504.

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Extraction of Compounds from Sea Cucumber

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Specimens of the sea cucumber S.herrmanni were collected by scuba diving from the coastal waters of Hengam island, the Persian Gulf, Iran. After anaesthetizing with magnesium chloride (5%), the sea cucumbers were washed with fresh water, dissected and their body parts and organs (including body wall, digestive tract and respiratory tree) were separated (Mamelona et al. 2007 (link)). Each part was freeze-dried and grinded by an electric grain mill. Afterwards, a serial extraction was done based on the solvent polarity using n-hexane (non-polar), ethyl acetate (semi polar) and methanol (polar). About 200 g of each part was extracted serially based on increasing solvent polarity at 20–23 ℃ for 48 h in darkness. The obtained extracts were filtered through Whatman paper No. 42 for the removal of residual solids and concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the solvents.

Darya M., Abdolrasouli M.H., Yousefzadi M., Sajjadi M.M., Sourinejad I, & Zarei M. (2022). Antifouling coating based on biopolymers (PCL/ PLA) and bioactive extract from the sea cucumber Stichopus herrmanni. AMB Express, 12, 24.

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Yoghurt Physicochemical Properties Analysis

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pH indexes of the yoghurt were measured using a pH meter (Thermo Orion Model-420A′). In addition, titratable acidity (TTA) of yoghurt samples was measured by the AOAC official method and expressed as % lactic acid (AOAC, 2005 ).
The syneresis values of yoghurt samples were determined as recommended by Tamime et al. (1996) (link). Briefly, 25 g of each yoghurt batch was weighted on a Whatman paper No. 42 (Whatman) placed on the top of a funnel. Syneresis is expressed as the amount of whey separated from the samples under the force of gravity at 4°C for 2 h of drainage into a flask of known weight divided by the initial yoghurt mass.
The water holding capacity (WHC) of yoghurt samples was determined according to the centrifugation method reported by Sahan et al. (2008) (link). Briefly, each 5 g yoghurt sample was weighted in a falcon tube (M_i) and centrifuged at 3556× g for 30 min at 10°C. The resulting supernatant was discarded, and the expelled precipitate was collected and weighed (M_p). WHC was calculated using the equation:
where M_i and M_p were the initial weight of the sample and the final weight of the precipitate, respectively.

Sadighbathi S., Amiri S., Saris P.E, & Yousefvand A. (2023). Development and properties of functional yoghurt enriched with postbiotic produced by yoghurt cultures using cheese whey and skim milk. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1276268.

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Quantifying Free Fat in Powders

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Free fat content was quantified using solvent extraction method as per Nijdam and Langrish (24 (link)) with some modifications. A mass of 10 g powder and 100 mL petroleum ether were placed to a 250-mL flask and shaken for at least 10 times. Then, it was left to stand for 15 min and filtered through Whatman paper no. 42 (Whatman International Ltd., Kent, UK). The liquid was collected in a Mojonnier flask. The process was repeated and the total volume of the filtrate thus collected was evaporated on a heating plate. The dish was then transferred to an oven (Tempo Instruments Pvt. Ltd.) maintained at 100 °C for 1–2 h until constant mass was obtained. The mass was recorded as free fat content.

Banjare I.S., Gandhi K., Sao K, & Sharma R. (2019). Spray-Dried Whey Protein Concentrate-Iron Complex: Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 57(3), 331-340.

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Bioreduction Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

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The bioreduction method was used to synthesize AgNPs from AgNO₃ material, with Terminalia catappa leaf extract solution acting as the reduction agent. The synthesis of AgNPs with bioreductors from AgNO₃ compounds, such as Terminalia catappa leaf extract solution, transforms Ag⁺ ions into AgO, which is stable [12 (link)]. With 100 mL of aquabidest, five grams of Terminalia catappa leaves powder were heated (boiling). After it had cooled, we filtered out the Whatman paper No.42. Following that, 20 mM AgNO₃ was dissolved in 10 mL of Terminalia catappa leaf extract. We stirred the mixture at room temperature (60 min) (solution of bright purple color).

Hartati H., Subaer S., Hasri H., Wibawa T, & Hasriana H. (2022). Microstructure and Antibacterial Properties of Chitosan-Fe3O4-AgNP Nanocomposite. Nanomaterials, 12(20), 3652.

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