Titanium 4 butoxide tbt

BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany) supplied the PES Ultrason E6020 P. Acetic acid, N.N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), PVP, TiO₂ nanoparticles (21 nm), HA, Pluronic F127, and Titanium (IV) butoxide (TBT) were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich, USA. Permeation test and HA solution were prepared by using deionized water. Whereas distilled water was employed in membrane washing steps and throughout the phase inversion process.

Titanium dioxide particles were obtained from the AEROXIDE^® TiO₂ P 25 (Evonik, Essen, Germany). The Fe₃O₄ particles used as a core for the nanostructures and as reference samples were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (637106) and were used as received. The nanomagnetite structure size was 50–100 nm (purity 97%, according to information provided by the supplier). Titanium (IV) butoxide (TBT) and hexadecyl (trimethyl)azanium bromide (CTAB) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (MERCK, Darmstadt, Germany). Ethanol, propanol and 30% hydrochloric acid ammonia solution were bought from Chempur (Piekary Slaskie, Poland).

Absolute ethanol (ACS reagent), K₂Cr₂O₇ (≥99.0 %), acrylamide solution (40 % in H₂O), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 98 %), NH₃ (28 wt %), titanium(IV) butoxide (TBT, 97 %), NaOH (pellets EMPLURA) and HCl (37 wt %) were all purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. All the reagents were used as received. Milli‐Q water (resistivity higher than 18.2 MΩ cm⁻¹) was collected from a Millipore academic purification system.