Urothelial cell medium

Sodium chromate, Triton X-100, demecolcine and potassium chloride (KCl) were purchased from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, MO). Giemsa stain was purchased from Ricca Chemical Company. (Arlington, TX). Crystal violet, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and acetic acid were purchased from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ). Nitric acid and methanol were purchased from BDH Chemicals (Radnor, PA). Gurr’s buffer, Keratinocyte-SFM, and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were purchased from Invitrogen Corporation (Grand Island, NY). Tissue culture dishes, flasks and plasticware were purchased from BD (Franklin Lakes, NJ). Urothelial cell medium, trypsin/EDTA and trypsin neutralizing solution were purchased from ScienCell Research Laboratories (Carlsbad, CA). Penicillin/streptomycin was purchased from Mediatech (Manassas, VA). Paraformaldehyde 4% was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA). Phospho-histone H2A.X (Ser139) antibody was purchased from Cell Signaling (Beverly, MA). AlexaFluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody was purchased from ThermoScientific (Rockford, IL).