Apamin

Manufactured by Peptide Institute

Sourced in Japan

Apamin is a laboratory equipment used for the measurement and analysis of peptides. It functions as a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, enabling the separation and quantification of peptide compounds within a sample.

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Lab products found in correlation

6 protocols using apamin

Krebs solution composition and reagents

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Composition of Krebs solution was (mmol/L) Na⁺ 137.5; K⁺ 5.9; Ca²⁺ 2.5; Mg²⁺ 1.2; HCO^3– 15.5; H₂PO₄^– 1.2; Cl^– 134; and glucose 11.5. The solution was bubbled with 95% O2 and 5% CO2, and the pH of solution was maintained at 7.3–7.5. Reagents used in this study were RS100329, an α1A AR antagonist, and a P2Y1 purinoceptor antagonist from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville, MO), TTX from Wako (Osaka, Japan), apamin from Peptide Institute (Osaka, Japan), and atropine, noradrenaline (NE), PE, L-NNA, ACh, ADP, propranolol, prazosin, BMY7378, an α1D ARs antagonist, from MilliporeSigma (Burlington, MA).

Kurahashi M., Kito Y., Hara M., Takeyama H., Sanders K.M, & Hashitani H. (2020). Norepinephrine Has Dual Effects on Human Colonic Contractions Through Distinct Subtypes of Alpha 1 Adrenoceptors. Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 10(3), 658-671.e1.

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Pharmacological Modulation of Ion Channels

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Diltiazem and nifedipine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, paxilline was obtained from Enzo Life Sciences, tetrodotoxin (TTX) was obtained from Tocris Bioscience, and apamin was obtained from Peptides International.

Heppner T.J., Tykocki N.R., Hill-Eubanks D, & Nelson M.T. (2016). Transient contractions of urinary bladder smooth muscle are drivers of afferent nerve activity during filling. The Journal of General Physiology, 147(4), 323-335.

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Pharmacological Compounds for Cellular Signaling

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GSK101 [N-((1S)-1-{[4-((2S)-2-{[(2,4-dichlorophenyl) sulfonyl] amino}-3-hydroxy-propanoyl)-1-piperazinyl]carbonyl}-3-methylbutyl)-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide] was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. CPA, U73122, PMA, OAG, and Gö-6976 were obtained from EMD Chemicals. HC-067047 (2-methyl-1-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-5-phenyl-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H–pyrrole-3-carboxamide) was a gift from Hydra Biosciences. Charybdotoxin and apamin were purchased from Peptide Institute and Enzo Life Sciences, respectively. All other chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.

Sonkusare S.K., Dalsgaard T., Bonev A.D., Hill-Eubanks D.C., Kotlikoff M.I., Scott J.D., Santana L.F, & Nelson M.T. (2014). AKAP150-dependent cooperative TRPV4 channel gating is central to endothelium-dependent vasodilation and is disrupted in hypertension. Science signaling, 7(333), ra66.

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Krebs' Solution Preparation for Tissue Experiments

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During experiments, tissues were maintained in Krebs’ solution consisting of (mM): NaCl 118.4, KCl 4.7, CaCl₂ 2.5, MgSO₄ 1.2, KH₂PO₄ 1.2, NaHCO₃ 25 and glucose 11.7. ATP, tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA), tetrodotoxin, atropine sulfate monohydrate and carbachol were obtained from FUJIFILM-Wako (Osaka, Japan). D-tubocurarine, suramin, methoctramine hydrate, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methyl-piperidine methiodide (4-DAMP), pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2,4-disulfonic acid (PPADS), cibacron blue F3GA (CBF3GA; synonym reactive blue 2) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Glibenclamide and nicorandil were obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). GSK1016790A was obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Apamin was obtained from Peptide Institute (Osaka, Japan). tetrodotoxin was dissolved in citrate solution. Glibenclamide, nicorandil and GSK1016790A were dissolved in DMSO. Other drugs were dissolved in distilled water. The highest concentration of vehicles (0.1%) for the drugs alone had no effect on the basal tone and contractile responses at the concentrations used. The concentrations of drugs given were final concentrations in the bath solution.

Shiina T., Suzuki Y., Horii K., Sawamura T., Yuki N., Horii Y, & Shimizu Y. (2024). Purinergic inhibitory regulation of esophageal smooth muscle is mediated by P2Y receptors and ATP-dependent potassium channels in rats. The Journal of Physiological Sciences : JPS, 74, 26.

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Krebs Solution Composition and Reagents

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Composition of Krebs solution was (mM): Na⁺ 137.5; K⁺ 5.9; Ca²⁺ 2.5; Mg²⁺ 1.2; HCO^3- 15.5; H₂PO₄^- 1.2; Cl^- 134; glucose 11.5. The solution was bubbled with 95% O₂ and 5% CO₂ and the pH of solution was maintained at 7.3 to 7.5. Reagents used in this study were: PACAP-38 (PACAP in this study), PACAP 6-38 (selective PAC₁R antagonist), Maxadilan (selective PAC₁R agonist), and VIP from BACHEM (Torrance, CA); MRS2500 (selective P2Y1 purinoceptor antagonist) and MRS2365 (selective P2Y1 purinoceptor agonist) from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville, MO, USA); TTX from Wako (Osaka, Japan) or Abcam (Cambridge, UK); Apamin from Peptide Institute (Osaka, Japan) or Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA); Atropine and L-NNA from MilliporeSigma (Burlington, MA).

Kurahashi M., Baker S.A., Kito Y., Bartlett A., Hara M., Takeyama H., Hashitani H, & Sanders K.M. (2022). PDGFRα+ Interstitial Cells are Effector Cells of PACAP Signaling in Mouse and Human Colon. Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 14(2), 357-373.

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Pharmacological Modulation of Vascular Function

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The drugs used were ACh hydrochloride (Daiichi Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan), L-phenylephrine hydrochloride, 1-[(2-chlorophenyl)diphenylmethyl]-1H-pyrazole (TRAM-34), 18-β-glycyrrhetinic acid, diclofenac sodium, and DAB (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, MO, USA), apamin, charybdotoxin, and L-NNA (Peptide Institute Inc., Osaka, Japan), A23187 (Merck Chemicals GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany), NOC-7 (Dojindo Laboratories, Kumamoto, Japan), guanethidine (Tokyo Kasei, Tokyo, Japan), and Fura 2-acetoxymethyl ester (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA).

Tabata K., Komori K., Otsuka R., Kajikuri J, & Itoh T. (2017). Enhancement of Nitric Oxide Production Is Responsible for Minimal Intimal Hyperplasia of Autogenous Rabbit Arterial Grafts. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society, 81(8).

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