Luria–Bertani medium in Erlenmeyer flasks (50 ml) were inoculated with freshly grown inoculums of A. baumannii. The culture flasks were incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. The cultures were centrifuged at 6.000 ×g (Hettich Zentrifugen, Germany) and the supernatants were filtered twice using syringe filters (0.45 μm) (Macherey–Nagel, US). The cell-free filtrates were mixed with AgNO3 to a final concentration of 1 mM. The silver nanoparticles thus obtained were confirmed through observed colour change, changes in the surface plasmon resonance, and visible light spectroscopy measurements measured between 200 and 800 nm (Evolution 201 UV–visible spectrophotometer, Thermo Scientific). The control samples containing AgNO3 1 mM without bacterial cultures were also prepared.16
Syringe filter
Manufactured by Macherey-Nagel
Sourced in Germany
The Syringe filter is a lab equipment designed for the filtration of small liquid samples. It features a membrane that allows the sample to pass through while retaining unwanted particles and impurities.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Evolution 201 uv visible spectrophotometer, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Vortex 3, by IKA Group (1 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Formic acid, by ITW Reagents (1 mentions)
Rosmarinic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Extrasynthese (1 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Extrasynthese (1 mentions)
Folin ciocalteau phenol reagent, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picryl hydrazyl hydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Salvianolic acid b, by Extrasynthese (1 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Magnetic stirrer, by IKA Group (1 mentions)
Uv 2550, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
7 protocols using syringe filter
1
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
2
Extraction and Analysis of Crataegus Inflorescences
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The Crataegus monogyna inflorescences (herbal medicinal products supporting the work of the heart and circulatory system) were purchased from a local pharmacy. A portion of 2 g was extracted with 10 mL of pure methanol or with 5% methanolic solution of hydrochloric acid (acidified extraction), the sample was shaken at 500 rpm for 30 min (Vortex 3, IKA-Werke GmbH, Staufen im Breisgau, Germany), sonicated and filtered through syringe filters with a pore size of 0.45 μm (Macherey-Nagel GmbH, Düren, Germany). Prior to the HPLC/ESI-MS analysis, the sample was further diluted at 1:1 in pure methanol (stored at 5 °C). Analogous procedures were applied in order to prepare the extracts from other plant materials, e.g., from nectarine kernels.
3
Antioxidant and Toxicity Evaluation
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The following chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA): 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH), Folin-Ciocalteau phenol reagent, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid. Methanol (LC-MS grade), water (LC-MC grade), and sodium carbonate were purchased from Fischer Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Formic acid and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl chroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) were obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain) and Acros Organics (Morris Plains, NJ, USA), respectively. Standard compounds chlorogenic acid, kaempheride, gallic acid, salvianolic acid B, 7-O-glucosides of apigenin, and luteolin were supplied by Extrasynthese (Genay, France); whereas, rutin trihydrate, myricitrin, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid were supplied by Fluka (Steinheim, Germany). All authentic compounds had an average purity of 95%. Syringe filters (25 mm, CA membrane 0.45 µm) were purchased from Macherey-Nagel (Dükel, Germany). For the acute toxicity test, the stock reagents: test organisms Vibrio fischeri, formerly known as Photobacterium phosphoreum (NRRL, No B-11177), diluent (sterile 2% sodium chloride), reconstitution solution, and osmotic adjusting solution 22% sodium chloride (OAS) were obtained from Strategic Diagnostic INC (Newark, DE, USA).
4
Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol
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The 100 cm3 of the 4-chlorophenol (20 mg/l) and 100 mg of the TiO2–Pt photocatalyst were introduced into the LED reactor. The resulting suspension was homogenized using a magnetic stirrer (IKA Werke GmbH, Germany) in darkness (30 min) to establish adsorption/desorption equilibrium. Next, the matched LED solution was switched on, and the reaction mixture was irradiated. Every 20 min (up to 120 min, then stopped the irradiation), 3 cm3 of the suspension was collected and filtered through a syringe filter (Macherey–Nagel, Germany). The filtrate was analyzed using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (UV-2550, Shimadzu, Japan) in the 200–700 nm wavelength range, using the demineralized water spectrum as a baseline. The maximum absorbance of pollution at wavenumber 280 nm was observed. The photocatalytic activity of the samples was determined by applying a calibration curve method with the formula y = 0.01x + 0.277, where x was the 4-chlorophenol concentration, and y was the maximum absorbance value.
5
Palladium Adsorption Protocol using ICP-OES
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For each adsorption
experiment, 10 mL of Pd solution (250 mg/L) was transferred into a
20 mL closed glass vial containing 25 ± 0.5 mg of the adsorbent.
The mixtures were stirred at 20 °C with a magnetic stirring bar
at 300 rpm for 24 h. Next, the adsorbent was separated from the aqueous
solution by filtration through a 0.45 μm syringe filter (Macherey-Nagel
GmbH & Co, Germany). Then, the remaining Pd concentration in the
filtrate was measured using ICP-OES (Agilent Technologies 5100). All
sorption experiments were performed in duplicate. The amount of Pd
adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent at time t, qt (mmol/g), was determined
according toeq 2
where C0 and Ct are the initial
Pd concentration (mg/L) and the concentration after adsorption for
24 h, respectively. V (L) is the volume of the solution, m (g) is the adsorbent mass, and MM(Pd) is the molar mass
of palladium (i.e., 106.42 mg/mmol). For the quantification of Pd,
P, and Si, the ICP-OES system was calibrated with 2% HNO3 solutions using several calibration solutions (until 2500 μg/L)
in the axial viewing direction. Independent control samples were used
to check the calibration, resulting in a recovery between 90 and 110%.
Multiple emission lines were measured for Pd, P, and Si to verify
possible interferences. All the samples were measured in different
dilutions (from 5000 to 10 times), and two of the samples were spiked.
experiment, 10 mL of Pd solution (250 mg/L) was transferred into a
20 mL closed glass vial containing 25 ± 0.5 mg of the adsorbent.
The mixtures were stirred at 20 °C with a magnetic stirring bar
at 300 rpm for 24 h. Next, the adsorbent was separated from the aqueous
solution by filtration through a 0.45 μm syringe filter (Macherey-Nagel
GmbH & Co, Germany). Then, the remaining Pd concentration in the
filtrate was measured using ICP-OES (Agilent Technologies 5100). All
sorption experiments were performed in duplicate. The amount of Pd
adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent at time t, qt (mmol/g), was determined
according to
where C0 and Ct are the initial
Pd concentration (mg/L) and the concentration after adsorption for
24 h, respectively. V (L) is the volume of the solution, m (g) is the adsorbent mass, and MM(Pd) is the molar mass
of palladium (i.e., 106.42 mg/mmol). For the quantification of Pd,
P, and Si, the ICP-OES system was calibrated with 2% HNO3 solutions using several calibration solutions (until 2500 μg/L)
in the axial viewing direction. Independent control samples were used
to check the calibration, resulting in a recovery between 90 and 110%.
Multiple emission lines were measured for Pd, P, and Si to verify
possible interferences. All the samples were measured in different
dilutions (from 5000 to 10 times), and two of the samples were spiked.
6
Stability Study of API Formulations
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Stability for each formulation was checked at 5 °C temperature (Fridge-stove P-selecta Welidow type, Madrid, Spain) following the International Conference Harmonization (ICH) guidelines [31 ]. Samples (5 mL) from each formulation were taken every 1, 3, 7, and 14 days in duplicate. Every sample was filtered through a syringe filter with a pore size of 0.45 μm (Macherey-Nagel, Dueren, Germany) and diluted with purified water to quantify API content by UPLC.
7
Solubility Enhancement of RFP
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An excess of RFP for a 5 mL of volume dose was added (75 mg) to amber glass vials of 8 mL of capacity. Different solutions of HP-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) were prepared between 0–0.054 M in a pH 7.4 and 8.0 phosphate buffered [24 ]. 5 mL of every HPBCD solutions were placed in every vial in duplicate. After this, the vials were sealed and kept for three days in agitation at 375 rpm in an orbital agitator (Heidolph, Schwabach, Germany) at 25 ± 0.1 °C in an oven (J.P. Selecta Medilow, Madrid, Spain).
After three days, the samples were filtered through a syringe filter with a pore size of 0.45 μm (Macherey-Nagel, Dueren, Germany), diluted with MilliQ water, and analyzed by UPLC.
After three days, the samples were filtered through a syringe filter with a pore size of 0.45 μm (Macherey-Nagel, Dueren, Germany), diluted with MilliQ water, and analyzed by UPLC.
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