Aliquots (10 µL) of each purified egg suspension, adjusted to contain 300 viable eggs in 0.9% saline solution, and 50 µL of each serum sample, were added to 2 mL Eppendorf tubes (Eppendorf do Brasil Ltda., São Paulo, SP, Brazil) and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. Subsequently, a 30 µL aliquot of each mixture (serum + viable egg suspension) was placed on a slide and covered with a coverslip (22 × 22 mm). Assessment was performed on a binocular Olympus-CX41 microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), with a 10x or 40x objective lens. The number of reactive eggs per 100 viable eggs and the periovular precipitate morphology were used for assessment. S. mansoni eggs were considered reactive if they contained globular precipitates of variable size and form, or if they appeared as small or long septated chains, similar to Taenia segments (Figure 4 ). Sera were considered positive if at least 9% of the mature eggs were reactive in the presence of different precipitates [35 (link)].
Cx41 microscope
Manufactured by Olympus
Sourced in Japan, United Kingdom, Germany, United States
The Olympus CX41 microscope is a compact and versatile optical microscope designed for routine laboratory applications. It features a binocular observation tube, a range of magnification options, and a sturdy build quality. The CX41 provides users with a reliable and efficient tool for a variety of microscopy tasks.
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Lab products found in correlation
Eos 500d slr digital camera, by Canon (7 mentions)
Dp 72 microscope digital camera system, by Olympus (7 mentions)
U tu1x 2 camera, by Olympus (6 mentions)
Matrigel, by BD (3 mentions)
Uis 2 20x 0.45 0 2 fn22 lens, by Olympus (3 mentions)
Zen 2.3 lite blue edition, by Zeiss (3 mentions)
Citrate buffer, by Avantor (2 mentions)
Imager m2 microscope, by Zeiss (2 mentions)
Zen 2.6 blue edition software, by Zeiss (2 mentions)
Szx16 stereoscope, by Olympus (2 mentions)
Paraffin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Quickphoto micro2.2 software, by Olympus (2 mentions)
Cellsens software, by Olympus (2 mentions)
Bx51 microscope, by Olympus (2 mentions)
Dslr 500d digital camera, by Canon (2 mentions)
Rm2125 rts, by Leica (2 mentions)
M0897, by Agilent Technologies (2 mentions)
Ab83404, by Abcam (2 mentions)
Ab53931, by Abcam (2 mentions)
Hpa028911, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
203 protocols using cx41 microscope
1
Serological Detection of S. mansoni Eggs
2
Sperm Penetration Assay with Compounds
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As previously described (Ivic et al., 2002 (link)), glass tubes (5 cm × 0.4 mm × 4 mm; Camlab Limited, Cambridge, UK) were loaded with methylcellulose (4000cp; Sigma-Aldrich M0512) by capillary action. The filled tubes were placed vertically into eppendorf tubes containing (i) 100 μl of spermatozoa (control), (ii) 100 μl spermatozoa and 1% DMSO (vehicle control), (iii) 100 μl spermatozoa and 3.6 μM progesterone (positive control) or (iv) 100 μl spermatozoa and 10 μM compound, and incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2 for 1 h. Number of spermatozoa was scored at 1 and 2 cm using an Olympus CX41 microscope (20× objective, final magnification ×200) (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Results were normalized to parallel untreated controls to allow comparison between different experiments, and expressed as a penetration index [number of spermatozoa observed with treatment/number of spermatozoa without treatment (control)].
3
Immunohistochemical Protein Localization in Tissues
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The protein localization in tissues was assessed using immunohistochemistry as described [42 (link)]. In short, formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens were cut in 3 µm thick sections. The slides were boiled in a microwave oven twice (2 × 10 min, 200 W) in citrate buffer (pH 6.0, 0.1 mM citric acid solution, 0.1 mM sodium citrate solution; Avantor Performance Materials Poland S.A., Gliwice, Poland) and then cooled at RT. In order to block endogenous peroxidase activity, slides were incubated for 3 min in 3% hydroxyperoxide solution (Avantor Performance Materials Poland S.A., Gliwice, Poland). To avoid nonspecific antibody binding, the slides were placed in TBS-T buffer (containing 3% BSA) for 1 h at RT. IHC reactions were performed with the use of the previously described primary antibodies at a 1:100 dilution. Reactions were visualized through subsequent incubation with secondary biotinylated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulins and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine chromogen (K3468, Dako, Glostrup, Denmark). The slides were counterstained with hematoxylin. The assessment was performed using light microscopy via the Olympus CX41 microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).
4
Immunocytochemical Localization of Proteins
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Protein localization was assessed using standard immunocytochemical procedures as described previously [57 (link)]. Formalin-fixed cell smears were prepared and boiled in a microwave oven twice (2 × 10 min, 200 W, water bath) in citrate buffer (pH 6.0, 0.1 mM citric acid solution, 0.1 mM sodium citrate solution; Avantor Performance Materials; Poznan, Poland). After each step of microwaving antigen retrieval, slides were chilled (20 min, room temperature) and incubated for 3 min in a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution (Avantor Performance Materials, Poznan, Poland). The next step included placing the slides in TBS-T buffer (containing 3% bovine serum albumin, fraction V; Merck KGaA; Darmstadt, Germany) for 1 h at RT. The same primary antibodies were used as described in the western blot section at a 1:100 dilution for all immunocytochemical reactions. Unbounded antibodies were washed in TBS-T buffer (3 × , 10 min, RT). The antigens were visualized using EnVision + /HRP system and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine chromogen (Agilent Dako, Santa Clara, USA). Controls included detection reactions carried out under identical conditions, except that the primary antibodies were replaced by nonimmune serum. The slides were assessed using light microscopy (Olympus CX41 microscope, Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).
5
Transwell Assay for Y79 Cell Migration
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The Transwell experiment, which evaluated the migration ability of Y79 cells in various groups, was performed. Incubation medium (with 1 mM MgCl2; 200 µl) containing 1×104 cells was seeded into the upper Transwell chambers (Costar; Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA). The cells were subsequently incubated at 37°C for 48 h to allow cell migration through the porous membrane (pore size, 8 µm). Upon completion of the culture, cells remaining on the upper surface of the chamber were completely removed using a cotton swab. The lower surfaces of the membranes were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min and stained in a solution containing 0.5% (w/v) crystal violet for 5–10 min at room temperature. Subsequent to being washed with ddH2O, results of different groups were observed using the Olympus CX41 microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at ×200 magnification and the numbers of cells were determined using Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The invasion ability of Y79 cells was then measured as aforementioned, with polycarbonate membranes pre-coated with 100 µl Matrigel (in 0.8 µg/µl Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) at 37°C for 2 h to form a reconstituted basement membrane.
6
Crystallization of Compound via Cryogenic Droplet Impact
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A 10 μL droplet of compound in the indicated solution was dropped using a Hamilton gastight 1750 syringe (Hamilton Bonaduz AG, GR, Switzerland) from a fixed height of 1.4 m onto a 22 × 22 mm no.1 glass cover slip (Fisher Scientific UK Ltd, Leicestershire, UK) placed on a CO2(s) cooled aluminium plate (∼−70 °C). The droplet froze instantly upon impact with the plate forming a thin wafer of ice. This wafer was then placed on a liquid nitrogen cooled BCS196 cryostage (Linkam Scientific, Surrey, UK) and held at −8 °C to anneal for 30 min using the LNP96 cooling system (Linkam Scientific). Photographs were taken using a Canon EOS 500D SLR digital camera (Canon (UK) Ltd, Surrey, UK) after 0 and 30 minutes coupled to an Olympus CX41 microscope (Olympus, Southend-on-Sea, UK) equipped with UIS-2 20×/0.45/∞/0–2/FN22, UIS-2 4×/0.1/∞/–/FN22 and UIS-2 10×/0.2/∞/–/FN22 lenses (Olympus Ltd, Essex, UK) through cross polarisers. The number of crystals in the image was counted using ImageJ (version 1.52a)48 (link) and the area of the field of view divided by the number of crystals gave the average crystal size per wafer.
7
Histological Analysis of Bone Defect Healing
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Samples were demineralized in 5% solution of nitric acid (Merci, Brno, Czech Republic). After 7 days, nitric acid was neutralized by 5% solution of sodium sulfate for 1 hour and subsequently immersed in physiological solution for 24 hours. Every sample was cut in the center of the defect perpendicular to its longitudinal axis into two equal parts (13 × 13 × 5 mm). Tissue blocks were processed individually. Eight serial 5 μm thick histological sections were cut from the center of the healing defect from each paraffin-embedded tissue block. The sections were stained with haematoxylin–eosin, Verhoeff's haematoxylin with green trichrome19 and picrosirius red (Direct Red 80, Sigma Aldrich, Munich, Germany) diluted in saturated picric acid solution was used to visualize the type I collagen (Rich and Whittaker, 2005). We used a circular polarizing filter (Hama, Monheim, Germany) crossed with a quarterwave λ/4 filter below the analyzer filter (U-GAN, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) mounted on the Olympus CX41 microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Methodology of the histological evaluation was described in detail elsewhere.20,21 (link)
8
Immunohistochemical Staining of Bcl-2 and DRD2
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Downloaded from http://karger.com/cpb/article-pdf/51/4/1600/3997509/000495649.pdf by guest on 09 September 2024 100), Bcl-2 (ab32124, 1: 100) and dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2, ab21218, 1: 80), at 4℃ overnight. On the following day, after washing with 0.1% PBST (PBS with Tween-20) 3 times (5 min per wash), the sections were incubated with polymer reinforcing agent for 20 min at room temperature. After washing with 0.1% PBST 3 times (5 min per wash), the sections were incubated with enzyme labeled anti-rat/rabbit polymer (PV-9000-D, ZSGB-Bio, Beijing, China) at room temperature for 30 min, followed by washing with 0.1% PBST 3 times (5 min per wash). DAB was applied to develop the sections for 5 min, and the sections were washed with distilled water to stop development. The sections were counterstained with hematoxylin, washed with water, differentiated and then washed with water to turn back to blue. Finally, the sections were conventionally dehydrated, cleared, and mounted with neutral gum. The sections were observed and pictures were taken under an Olympus CX41 microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Within 0.25 mm 2 , the cells with brown granules in the cytoplasm were regarded as positive cells and counted.
9
Neuronal Nissl Body Staining of Transdifferentiated hNLCs
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The transdifferentiation of hCL-MSCs into the hNLCs, on day 3 and 8, were confirmed by the specific staining of neuronal Nissl bodies, characteristic granular structures composed of RNA-rich rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) unique to the somata of neurons, as follows.
After discarding the culture medium from the hNLCs, they were washed (twice) with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) prewarmed, and fixed with paraformaldehyde (PF 4%) for 30 min at room temperature (r.t.). Subsequently the hNLCs were washed twice with PBS and stained with Nissl staining solution (0.5% cresyl violet) for 30 min at r.t. After, the staining solution was aspirated and the monolayer was washed three times with PBS, finally mounted with Fluoroshield. The presence of Nissl body into the somata of the hNLCs (3 and 8 days post transdifferentiation) was examined under a CX41 Olympus microscope. Digital images were captured using oil immersion objective (100×) lens.
After discarding the culture medium from the hNLCs, they were washed (twice) with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) prewarmed, and fixed with paraformaldehyde (PF 4%) for 30 min at room temperature (r.t.). Subsequently the hNLCs were washed twice with PBS and stained with Nissl staining solution (0.5% cresyl violet) for 30 min at r.t. After, the staining solution was aspirated and the monolayer was washed three times with PBS, finally mounted with Fluoroshield. The presence of Nissl body into the somata of the hNLCs (3 and 8 days post transdifferentiation) was examined under a CX41 Olympus microscope. Digital images were captured using oil immersion objective (100×) lens.
10
Eosin Staining Protocol for Protoscolex Viability
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To assess the viability of protoscolices at the end of each incubation period, the upper part of each tube was carefully discarded and 1 mL of 0.1% eosin stain solution was added and mixed gently43 (link). For ex vivo experiment, small amount of cyst fluid along with protoscolices was aspirated in a tube and 0.1% eosin was added. The stained protoscolices were smeared on a glass slide, then covered with a cover glass, and examined under light microscope (CX41 Olympus Microscope, Olympus Corporation, Japan). Percentage of mortality rate was estimated by counting 100 protoscolices using eosin exclusion test44 (link). Dyed protoscolices were recorded as dead, protoscolices that didn’t absorb stain were considered as viable45 (link).
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