The total content of total polyphenols in the aqueous extracts of the test material was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu (Sigma-Aldrich, Pozna ń, Poland) reagent by a modified method of Singleton and Rossi [61] . A defined amount of solution of the examined extracts, predetermined by the dilution scheme (1.0 mL) was collected into 50 mL graduated flasks, and then 2.5 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and 5.0 mL of sodium carbonate (Sigma-Aldrich, Pozna ń, Poland) with a concentration of 20% were added and made up to the mark with distilled water. The samples were incubated for 60 min at room temperature and protected from light. Absorbance was measured at a wavelength of λ = 734 nm using a spectrophotometer [UV/Vis UV-6100A, Metash Instruments Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China]. The results, after taking into account the applied dilution schemes and calculation based on the calibration curve for gallic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, Pozna ń, Poland) (y = 2.123 + 0.1327, R 2 = 0.9992), were expressed as mg GAE (gallic acid Equivalent), i.e., mg of gallic acid per 1 g of dry mass (d.m.). The determinations were performed in six independent replications.
Folin ciocalteu
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Brazil, China, India, Poland, Sao Tome and Principe, Spain, Singapore, United Kingdom
The Folin-Ciocalteu reagent is a laboratory solution used for the colorimetric determination of phenolic and other aromatic compounds. It is a commonly used analytical tool for the quantification of total phenolic content in various samples.
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Lab products found in correlation
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (103 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (67 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (47 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (33 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (31 mentions)
Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (27 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (26 mentions)
Trolox, by Merck Group (20 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (19 mentions)
Rutin, by Merck Group (18 mentions)
Trichloroacetic acid, by Merck Group (18 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (15 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (15 mentions)
2 2 azinobis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic acid (abts), by Merck Group (14 mentions)
Na2co3, by Merck Group (12 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Tannic acid, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Chloroform, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Aluminum chloride, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
209 protocols using folin ciocalteu
1
Quantification of Total Polyphenols
2
Beetroot Probiotic Yogurt Development
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Twenty-five kilograms of beetroot collected from Alexandria’s local market, Egypt. Fresh full cream milk was purchased from a local market in Alexandria (protein 2.6%, fat 3%, carbohydrates 4.6% calcium 97 mg/100 mL and phosphorus 79.61 mg/100 mL). Two freeze-dried lactic probiotic cultures; ABT-5 probiotic consists of (Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5, Bifidobacterium bifidum BB-12, and Streptococcus thermophilus), and (Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5) were obtained from Christian Hansen’s, Denmark. Absolute ethanol and methanol, chloroform, sodium hydroxide, sulphuric acid, boric acid, monopotassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, aluminium chloride and other commercial chemicals were supplied from Aljumhoria Company for chemicals, Alexandria, Egypt, Fine chemicals such as Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH and phenolics standards purchased from Merk, Germany.
3
Quantification of Phenolic Compounds
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HPLC-grade methanol (≥99.9% purity) was supplied by Honeywell Riedel-de Haën AG, Seelze, Germany. The commercial enzymes, peroxidase from horseradish and tyrosinase from mushroom, ABTS (2,20- azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt), 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (Catechol), guaiacol, sodium carbonate, arbutin, rutin, gallic, caffeic, ellagic, syringic and trifluoroacetic (TFA) acids were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sintra, Portugal). (+)-catechin, phloridzin, procyanidin B1, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, epicatechin gallate and protocatechiuc acid were supplied at Extrasynthese (Genay Cedex, France). Potassium persulfate and Folin-Ciocalteu from Merk (Algés, Portugal) and acetonitrile was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Oeiras, Portugal).
4
Phytochemical and Bioactivity Screening
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Ethanol, sodium carbonate (99.9%), potassium persulfate (99%), sulphuric acid (95–97%), crystal violet (99.7%), and DPPH (98.9%) were obtained from Himedia (Thane (MH), India). Folin-Ciocalteu, Hydrogen peroxide (30%) was purchased from Merk (Khalapur (MH), India). L-Ascorbic acid (99%), Gallic acid (≥98%), Quercetin (≥99%), Diosgenin (≥93%), Vanillin (≥97%), 5FU (≥99%), and Cisplatin (≥98%) were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis (MO), USA) and ABTS (>98%) from Sigma (Oakville, (ON), Canada). Aluminium chloride (98%) was supplied by Finar (Ahmedabad (GJ), India). Anisaldehyde was obtained from Central drug house (CND) (Darya Ganj (ND), India). DMSO, ethyl acetate, and mEthanol were obtained from Rankem (Gurgaon (HR), India). DMEM, Pen Strep, PBS, Trypsin and FBS from Gibco (Paisley (SCT), UK), and Whatman filter paper, MTT (≥98%), H2DCFDA (≥97%), Annexin V/PI, and EnzChek® Caspase-3 Assay Kit #1were purchased from Thermofisher Scientific (Waltham (MA), USA).
5
Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation Protocols
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Electrophoresis, DCFH (2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate), Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and AAPH (2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride) reagents were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (São Paulo, Brazil). Catechin, quercetin, tiobarbituric acid (TBA), sulfuric acid, sodium carbonate, aluminum chloride, hexane, sodium hydroxide, methanol, and hydrogen peroxide were purchased from Merck (São Paulo, Brazil). Ascorbic acid and gallic acid of analytical degree were acquired from Dinâmica (São Paulo, Brazil).
6
Formulation and Analysis of Functional Bars
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Gallic acid, rutin, aluminum trichloride (AlCl3), Folin-ciocalteu, and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) were of analytical grade and were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), boric acid (H3BO3), potassium sulfate (K2SO4), copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), diethyl ether (C2H5)2O), and ethanol were of reagent grade and were purchased from local companies in Amman-Jordan. Lupine (China), wheat germ (local wheat-milling company, Amman, Jordan), dates (Saudi Arabia), dried fruit (raisins, apricots, and cranberries from China), coconut oil (Indonesia), peanut butter (China), sesame (Sudan), and xanthan gum (China) as a thickening agent were procured from a local market of Amman-Jordan. The Lupine seeds and wheat germ were proximately analyzed, while USDA tables were used to determine the composition of other raw ingredients. To prepare control bars, we used concentrated whey protein, coconut flakes, and oats, also purchased from the Amman (Jordan) local market.
7
Quantifying Phenolic Compounds
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All chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade. Folin-Ciocalteu, gallic acid, ethanol, and sodium carbonate were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
8
Antioxidant Activity Determination Protocol
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The filtrate obtained from maceration was evaporated using the rotary evaporator Heidolph Basis Hei-VAP HL (Germany), while antioxidant activities were determined using the spectrometer UV/VIS Shimadzu Pharma Spec UV-1700 Series. The medium used for brine shrimp growth was prepared using a small tank consisting of two compartments filled with sea water. Hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents for extraction were obtained via distillation. Iron (III) chloride, hydrogen chloride, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, magnesium powder, acetic anhydride, chloroform, Mayer's reagent, sodium carbonate, and methanol p.a. were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Gallic acid, Folin–Ciocalteu, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis MO, USA).
9
Comprehensive Chemical Inventory for Scientific Research
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All the required chemicals including chloride (FeCl3), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), nitric acid (HNO3), iron hydrochloric acid, Folin-Ciocalteu, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), glibenclamide, 2, 2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl, potassium ferricyanide, phosphate buffer, and aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) were procured from the Sigma Aldrich Company based in St. Louis, MO, USA. Analytical grade chemicals and reagents were utilized in this study except for pure methanol, ethanol, quercetin, vanillin, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, acetonitrile, tannic acid, caffeine acid, gallic acid, ascorbic acid, rosmarinic acid, coumaric acid, quercetin, rutin, apigenin, catechin, catechol, naringenin, L-Hystidine, Mueller-Hinton, Sabouraud gel, and D-glucose, which were procured from Sigma-Aldrich in Steinheim, Germany.
10
Oregano, Thyme, and Beef Preservation
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Two aromatic plants i.e., oregano (Origanum vulgare) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) were planted and collected from Kalustyan farms in Turkey and Egypt in 2018. Raw beef was bought from a native market in New York, USA. The meat was delivered within 10 min to the laboratory in an icebox. Chitosan (75% deacetylation) was obtained from Sinopsin group chemical co., Beijing, China. Magnesium sulfate anhydrous, sodium carbonate, acetic acid, Gallic acid xanthan gum, glycerol, tween, DPPH, Folin–Ciocalteu, and ethanol 95% were supplied from Sigma-Aldrich (Louis, MO, USA).
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