Iron oxide nanoparticles were produced in two ways: greenly (GS-NPs) by adding 20 mL of PDL extract dropwise into 20 mL of iron chloride (FeCl3·6H2O) 1 M solution, and chemically (CS-NPs) by adding 20 mL of NaOH into 20 mL of FeCl3·6H2O 1 M solution. NaOH 5 M was added to adjust the pH of the reaction to 7.5. The resulting solutions were heated on a hot plate at 50 °C under stirring for 2 h. Thereafter, the mixture was filtrated using Whatman nº 1 filter paper, and then, a series of washings with distilled water was conducted to eliminate contaminants and foreign particles. The precipitates were subjected to pre-treatment at 100 °C for 8 h in an oven. Then, they were calcined. This last step was evaluated using different calcination temperatures (200, 300, and 500 °C) for different times (2, 4, and 5 h). A more detailed description of this synthesis is provided in previous works [41 (link),42 (link),43 (link)].
Whatman filter paper n 1
Manufactured by Cytiva
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
Whatman filter paper No. 1 is a standard, general-purpose filter paper designed for qualitative filtration. It has a medium-fast flow rate and retains particles down to 11 microns in size. The paper is suitable for a variety of laboratory filtration applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
Whatman, by Cytiva (25 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
R 210, by Büchi (1 mentions)
Ammonium hydroxide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ammonium persulfate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Aniline, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hiseq 2000 system, by Illumina (1 mentions)
Rna labchip kit, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Rna seq, by Illumina (1 mentions)
Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Avicel ph 101, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Glucose oxidase, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Bidistilled water, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cellulase, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
D glucose monohydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Flame photometry, by Corning (1 mentions)
25 protocols using whatman filter paper n 1
1
Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
2
ELISA-Based Aflatoxin Quantification
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Samples were analyzed by the ELISA method. EuroClone total AF ELISA test kits (EuroClone S.P.A: Italy, code: EEM002096 format 96 tests) were used for analysis. AF extraction was carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions (EuroClone S.P.A). For this purpose, 10 g of grinded samples was taken and 50 mL of 33% methanol solution (methanol: distilled water, 30:60) added, shaken for two minutes and then let settle for 15 minutes at room temperature. Then, the extract was filtered through a Whatman Nº 1 filter paper, the clear supernatant was diluted 1:2 with 33% methanol solution (1 mL + 1 mL) and samples were tested through ELISA kits instructions. The topical density was measured at 450 nm using ELISA - well plate reader. Evaluation of the ELISA data as well as the AF concentration were performed using the software program (EuroClone S.P.A: Italy).
3
Optimizing Bioactive Compound Extraction
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Extraction temperature, pH, solute/solvent ratio, and ethanol/water ratio were evaluated as the major factors that can affect the extraction yield. pH was adjusted with 1 M citric acid. The combination of these factors was modeled through a surface design consisting of 24 + four replicates at the central point + triplicates at the start point. Low and high levels for the different factors were, as follows: Temperature (40, 60 °C); pH (3, 5); solute/solvent ratio (w/v) (1/60, 1/30); ethanol/water ratio (v/v) (25/75, 75/25).
The resulting extracts were centrifuged at 5000× g, 4 °C for 15 min and the supernatant was collected and filtered using Whatman Nº1 filter paper (Whatman, Inc., USA), and used for further experiments. At maximum extraction conditions, large-scale recovery (up to 10 L) controlled by Bioflow-110 bioreactor (New Brunswick Scientific, Enfield, CT, USA) was used to prove that the scale up of the process is possible.
The resulting extracts were centrifuged at 5000× g, 4 °C for 15 min and the supernatant was collected and filtered using Whatman Nº1 filter paper (Whatman, Inc., USA), and used for further experiments. At maximum extraction conditions, large-scale recovery (up to 10 L) controlled by Bioflow-110 bioreactor (New Brunswick Scientific, Enfield, CT, USA) was used to prove that the scale up of the process is possible.
4
Aerial Part Methanolic Extraction
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All accessions collected from different geographical locations were air-dried at room temperature in the shade for one week. It was powdered and then passed through a 0.5 mm mesh screen to achieve a consistent particle size. Finally, 100 mg of dried powder of aerial parts was mixed with 10 ml methanol (80%) and extracted by shaking for 12 h. The obtained methanolic mixture was centrifuged at 8,000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was filtered through N. 1 Whatman filter paper and stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C until use.
5
Isolation of Propolis Bioactive Compounds
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To extract secondary metabolites, 1 kg of propolis was extracted with 5 L of acetone by maceration with intermittent stirring at intervals of 3 hours during 72 hours after which it was filtered on a N°1 Whatman filter paper and evaporated using a rotary evaporator to near dryness to obtain a crude acetone extract. This process was repeated three times in order to optimize the extraction process. The acetone extract obtained was partitioned using liquid-liquid extraction with hexane to obtain the hexane extract. 60 g of this hexane extract was subjected to column chromatography on 360 g of silica gel with the gradient eluting system hexane (Hex)-dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ) (100:0 → 0:100) followed by CH 2 Cl 2 -methanol (MeOH) (100:0 → 70:30). Fractions of 100 mL where collected regularly and concentrated on a rotavapor. This process yielded three compounds: Lupenone (1, 200 mg) [16] , a mixture of α-amyrin (2a) and β-amyrin (2b) (85 mg) [17] and hexatriacontanoic acid (3, 25 mg) .
Lupenone (C 30 H 48 O) (1): White crystals; 13
Lupenone (C 30 H 48 O) (1): White crystals; 13
6
Plant Extraction and Identification Protocol
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Plants used in this study were collected in West, Southwest, and Centre regions of Cameroon from March to April 2016. All plants collected were identified at the National Herbarium (Yaoundé, Cameroun) where the voucher specimens were deposited. The names as well as the reference numbers of the studied plants are shown in Table S1 (Supplementary Materials). For the extraction, each plant material was cleaned and air-dried, and the powder (200 g) was soaked in methanol (MeOH, 1 L) for 48 h at room temperature. The extract obtained was collected by filtration using Whatman filter paper n°.1 and concentrated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to yield a residue which constituted the plant extract. All the extracts were then kept at 4°C until further use.
7
Extraction of Plant Compounds
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Five different solvents of increasing polarity were individually used for the preparation of extracts, including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and water. One hundred grams (100 g) of each powder was macerated in 500 mL in the corresponding solvent for 48 h under mechanical stirring. The resulting mixture was vacuum filtered through Whatman filter paper N 1. The obtained organic filtrates (except aqueous filtrate) were evaporated under low pressure using a Buchi R210 evaporator at 40°C. The resulting extracts were subjected to a 40°C drying in an oven for 24 hours to remove the residual solvent. The aqueous filtrates aliquots of 20 ml were dried in an oven at 40°C for 5 days in stainless plates (30 cm diameter).
8
Evaluating Moringa's Antibacterial Efficacy
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The method used in this report to investigate the antibacterial effect of M. oleifera is the agar diffusion assay. Brefly, discs (6 mm) of Whatman filter paper N°1 were impregnated with methanolic and aqueous extracts and infusion of Moringa and placed in petri dishes that contain Mueller-Hinton agar and bacteria (106 CFU/mL). Antibiotics were considered as positive controls and DMSO were used as negative controls. Plates were incubated (24 h/37 °C) and inhibition diameter (mm) were measured. Experiment has been repeated three times.
9
Extraction and Preservation of Mint Bioactives
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Mint was shade dried and powdered using an electric blender. The powdered material was then extracted with methanol 80% for 24 h at 4°C. Subsequently the mixture was filtered through Whatman filter paper n°1 and resultant solution centrifuged to eliminate particulate matter. Methanol solvent was removed under reduced pressure using a rotary vacuum evaporator with controlled temperature (Rotavapor R-210, Flawil, Switzerland). The mint crude extract (ME) was successively weighed and dissolved in DMSO (w/v) to facilitate the solubility of the product. This ME+DMSO was used for all experiments, aliquoted and stored at -80°C. After thawing, each aliquot was used only once.
10
Extraction of Acacia senegal Leaf Compounds
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Extracts were prepared by soaking 100 g of powdered A. senegal leaves in 500 mL of ether petroleum for 24 h. The residue was filtered through Whatman filter paper N°1, and the solids were dried and soaked in 1 L of 70% ethanol (v/v) overnight with shaking. Part of the solvent was removed under a vacuum, and the resulting paste was freeze-dried. This hydroethanolic extract was stored at 4 °C until use [7 (link)].
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