3 5 dinitrosalicylic acid dns

Garlic (Alliumsativum L.) was purchased from local markets in Srisaket province (Jae Mam Phanit), Thailand. Identification was done according to an Alliaceae expert and the literature⁴⁴ . A voucher specimen (GA55001) was referenced by the Srisaket Horticultural Research Centre, Srisaket, Thailand. The garlic samples were kept at room temperature until use. The use of plants in the present study complies with international, national and institutional guidelines.
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (5-HMF), 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) and D-glucose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Massachusetts, USA). L-γ-Glutamyl-(S)-allyl-cysteine (GSAC) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, Canada). Anhydrous sodium carbonate, aluminium chloride and potassium acetate were purchased from Loba Chemie (Mumbai, India). Ethanol was purchased from RCI Labscan Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). All other chemicals and reagents used in the experiments were analytical grade.

All chemicals and reagent were in analytical grade. Bradford reagent, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dibasic sodium phosphate (Na₂HPO₄·2H₂0), monobasic sodium phosphate (NaH₂PO₄·H₂0), sodium acetate, acetic acid, sodium citrate, citric acid, soluble starch, maltose, and sodium potassium tartrate (NaKC₄H₄O₆·4H₂O) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Red dragon fruits (Hylocereus polyrhizus) were purchased from Passer Brong (Selangor, Malaysia). Ripened dragon fruits were selected based on the size uniformity at the same stage of ripening and free of visual defects. The fruits were stored in a cold room at 4°C until used for extraction procedure.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), phenolphthalein and Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate, were purchased from VWR (Portugal). Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), glucose, sodium carbonate, gallic acid, absolute ethanol, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferrozine and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA).

The biomass degradation ability of this strain was evaluated by using various lignocellulosic biomasses as carbon source as described by Guo et al. [28 (link)]. In brief, 5 μL of overnight-grown culture was inoculated on agar plates containing above mineral salt medium, 1.5% agar, and 0.5% agave, corn stover, Miscanthus, wheat bran, wood dust, CMC or beechwood xylan (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). After incubation at 37 °C for 48 h, all of the plates were treated with Gram’s iodine reagent for 3–5 min. Then the diameters of the halo region (D) were measured on a centimeter scale.
The activities of CMCase and xylanase were evaluated by using CMC and xylan as substrate, respectively, as descripted by Guo et al. [28 (link)]. The concentrations of reducing sugar were determined using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) reagent described by Miller [54 (link)]. A range of d-glucose and d-xylose (0–1.2 mg mL⁻¹) concentrations were used to plot the standard curves for the hydrolysis production of CMC and xylan, respectively.

Alpha-glucosidase (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and 3,5-dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA, while P-nitrophenyl-α–D-glucopyranoside (p-NPG), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and di-sodium hydrogen phosphate were purchased from Hi-Media, Pennsylvania, USA.