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A MyLab 30CV (Esaote) machine was used to perform echocardiography as a previous study described (Du et al., 2015 (link)). After being anesthetized with 1.5% isoflurane, mice were detected using a 10-MHz linear-array ultrasound transducer. A microtip catheter transducer (SPR-839, Millar Instruments, Houston, TX, USA) was used to measure hemodynamic data as previously described (Du et al., 2015 (link)). A Millar Pressure–Volume System (MPVS-400, Millar Instruments, USA) was used to analyze the results.

Twelve hours following LPS administration, echocardiograph and hemodynamic studies were conducted to assess cardiac function as described previously (Zhang et al., 2018a (link)). Mice were anesthetized by inhalation of isoflurane prior to echocardiography [Mylab 30CV (Esaote S.P.A, Genoa, Italy) with a 10 MHz linear array ultrasound transducer]. We selected and measured the short-axis standard view of the left ventricular papillary muscle. Heart rate (HR), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDd), left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESd), end-diastolic interventricular septal thickness (IVSd), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWS) were recorded to evaluate mice cardiac function.
A microtip catheter transducer (SPR-839, Millar Instruments, Houston, TX, United States) was used to measure hemodynamic parameters. Mice were anesthetized with 1.5% isoflurane and the transducer was inserted into the left ventricle through the right carotid artery. Signals were continuously recorded using a Millar Pressure-Volume System (MPVS-400, Millar Instruments).

Echocardiographic parameters were obtained according to our previous article [21 (link)]. A MyLab 30CV (Esaote SpA, Genoa, Italy) equipped with a 10 MHz linear array ultrasound transducer was used. The left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVSD) and end-diastolic diameter (LVDD) were detected at the papillary level in M-mode tracing with a sweep speed of 50 mm/s. To measure the changes in the hemodynamics parameters, a microtip catheter transducer (SPR-839, Millar Instruments, Houston, TX, USA) was inserted into the carotid artery until it was in the left ventricle to monitor the pressure signals and heart rate continuously with an ARIA pressure-volume conductance system [22 (link)].

Transthoracic echocardiography was performed by a MyLab 30CV ultrasound (Esaote SpA, Genoa, Italy) with a 10 MHz phased array transducer as previously described^{56 (link),57 (link)}. Light anesthetized by 1.5% isoflurane, mice were lightly secured in a warming pad with a shallow left lateral position after the precordium shaved. After imaged with two-dimensional (2D) mode in the parasternal long-axis and/or parasternal short-axis at the level close to papillary muscles, a 2D guided M-mode trace crossing the anterior and posterior wall of the left ventricle was recorded and the morphological parameters of the heart were collected and calculated. Attention was given not to bring excessive pressure to the chest, which could cause bradycardia and deformation of the heart.
Invasive hemodynamic monitoring was performed by cardiac catheterization according to our previous articles^{56 (link),57 (link)}. In brief, mice was placed on a warmed surgical platform with supine position and the right carotid artery was isolated, exposed. Then a 1.4-French Millar catheter transducer (SPR-839; Millar Instruments, Houston, TX) was inserted into the left ventricle through the isolated carotid artery. And data were analyzed using the PVAN data analysis software.

Mice were exposed to mild anaesthesia with 1.5% isoflurane. Echocardiography was performed on six mice per group with the Vevo 2100 ultrasound, which was connected to an ultrasound system (SSD-5500; Aloka, Tokyo, Japan). Left ventricle end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters were measured.
To detect hemodynamic parameters, a microtip pressure-volume catheter (SPR-839; Millar Instruments, USA) was inserted through an apical stab into the ventricle to measure cardiac function. Hemodynamic measurements were analyzed using IOX software (EMKAtech).