Acetic acid ch3co2h

The iron ore tailings samples were collected in the thickener underflow stream, immediately before being disposed into the Vargem Grande pond (Nova Lima, Minas Gerais, Brazil), as shown in Figure 1. Two commercial non-ionic polyacrylamides were used as flocculants: (1) PAM1 was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (M_w = 5–6 MDa) (Oakville, ON, Canada) and is widely used in laboratory-scale flocculation, and (2) PAM2 was obtained from Kemira Chemicals (M_w = 1–20 MDa) (Brantford, ON, Canada) and is commonly used to treat industrial mineral tailings. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (≥98%), sodium sulphate (Na₂SO₄) (≥99%), and acetic acid (CH₃CO₂H) (≥99%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). Poly((vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride) (PVB) and a partially hydrolyzed poly (methyl acrylate) grafted onto ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer backbones (EPDM-g-HPMA) were synthesized in our lab and used as flocculants. The synthesis and characterization of these polymers were reported in our group’s previous work on oil sand tailing flocculation [22 (link),23 (link)].

Titanium dioxide powder (Degussa P-25) was purchased from the Institute of Chemical Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Chemistry, Madison, WI, USA. Fluorine tin oxide (FTO) coated glass slides were purchased from Hartford Glass Company, Hartford City, Indiana, USA. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ethanol (C₂H₅OH) and acetic acid (CH₃CO₂H) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MS, USA) and were used without further purification.