Various chemical reagents were sourced from suppliers across different regions. Ferric chloride and sodium nitrite were acquired from Ajax Finechem (New South Wales, Australia). Gallic acid and CIP hydrochloride were purchased from Bio Basic Inc. in Markham, ON, Canada. Epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin were procured from Sigma–Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Copper sulfate pentahydrate and hydrochloric acid were purchased from QRëC (Auckland, New Zealand). Chloroform and acetic acid were from JT Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent was purchased from Carlo Erba (Barcelona Spain). Ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, manganese sulfate, phenol detached crystals, and sodium hypochlorite were acquired from Loba Chemie (Mumbai, India). Aluminum chloride hexahydrate, bromophenol blue, sodium acetate, and calcium carbonate were acquired from KemAu (Sydney, Australia). Vanillin was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). We obtained sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride from RCI Labscan located in Thailand. Other chemicals and solvents were of the highest grade available.
Folin ciocalteu reagent
Manufactured by Carlo Erba
Sourced in Italy, France
The Folin–Ciocalteu reagent is a chemical solution used in colorimetric assays to determine the total phenolic content in samples. It is a mixture of phosphomolybdic and phosphotungstic acid complexes.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
P coumaric acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Syringic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Milli q system, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Carlo Erba (2 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Rutin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Protocatechuic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
P hydroxybenzoic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ferric chloride, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Epicatechin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Kaempferol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium nitrite, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Bio Basic (1 mentions)
Ammonium chloride, by Loba Chemie (1 mentions)
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, by Loba Chemie (1 mentions)
13 protocols using folin ciocalteu reagent
1
Comprehensive Reagent Sourcing for Multidisciplinary Research
2
Phenolic Compounds: Analytical Standards
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Cyanidin, peonidin 3-o-glucoside, malvidin-3-o-glucoside, quercetin, quercetin 3-o-glucoside, coumaric acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, epicatechin, catechin, and kaempferol (all analytical standard) were from Merck (Milan, Italy). Methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile (all LC/MS grade solvents), ortophospforic acid 85%, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and sodium carbonate were bought from Carlo Erba (Milan, Italy). Water was purified through a Milli-Q system from Millipore (conductivity: 18.2 MΩ cm at 25 °C; Milford, MA, USA).
3
Estimating Total Phenolic Content in Honey
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The estimation of total phenolic compounds was carried out by the Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric method. The honey was diluted in distilled water (500 mg/ml). Then, 1.5 ml of the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (CARLO ERBA, France) (diluted with 1 ml of the reagent in 10 ml of distilled water) and 1.2 ml of the sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) (7.5%) were added to 0.3 ml of diluted honey. After incubation in the dark for 1 h, the absorbance was obtained at 760 nm. The concentration of total phenolic compounds was determined by reference to the calibration curve of gallic acid performed in parallel [21 ]. Results were expressed in mg of gallic acid (Biochem, Chemopharma, Canada) per 100 g of honey (mg GAE/100 g).
4
Phenolic and Flavonoid Compound Extraction
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Analytical reagent grade methanol (from V.S. Chem House, Bangkok, Thailand) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) 37% (from RCI Labscan (Bangkok, Thailand)) in analytical reagent grade were used for the extraction. Acetonitrile and acetic acid both in HPLC grade were purchased from V.S. Chem House. Deionized water (DI H2O) obtained from PURELAB option–Q (High Wycombe, UK) was used for the HPLC analysis. The phenolic acid standards (i.e., gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p–hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p–coumaric acid, and ferulic acid) and the flavonoid acid standard (rutin) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Folin Ciocalteu reagent (Carlo Erba Reagenti, Milan, Italy), sodium carbonate (NaCO3) (Ajax Finechem Pty Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand) were used for the total phenolic analysis. Potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium acetate (CH3COONa·3H2O) were purchased from Ajax Finechem Pty Ltd. and were used for total anthocyanin analysis. Ethanol 95% (from ACL Lab Scan Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand), and diethyl ether and petroleum ether were purchased from RCL Lab Scan Co.Ltd., while CuSO4 ·5H2O solution, K2SO4, H3BO3 solution were purchased from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), and 50% NaOH (from ACL Lab Scan Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand).
5
Total Phenolic Content in R. coriaria Yogurt
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TPC in R. coriaria-fortified yogurts before and after in vitro peptic and pancreatic digestion was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (Carlo Erba, Milan, Italy), as described by Perna et al. (2018) (link). Each sample was tested in triplicate and the results were expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of yogurt.
6
Analytical Methods for Phytochemical Screening
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Milli-Q quality water, methanol, and formic acid were analytical grade-quality products purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Reuil, France). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent came from Carlo Erba reagents (Reuil, France). Fluorescein disodium salt, dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA), and ABTS were obtained from Fluka- Sigma–Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). The compounds 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH), and quercetin came from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Gallic acid was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA). Catechin came from Fluka Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). SPE cartridges (Strata) were purchased from Phenomenex (Torrance, CA, USA).
7
Mulberry Leaf Antioxidant Assay
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All the chemicals, reagents, and solvents used in this experiment were analytical grade. The materials and chemicals used in this research were; mulberry leaf Buriram 60 variety (Kanchanaburi, Thailand), maltodextrin DE 10–12 (Zhucheng Dongxiao, China), fibersol®-2, DE12 (Matsutani, Japan), gum arabic (Agrigum, UK), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (Fluka, U.S.A), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tretamethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) (Fluka, Denmark), aluminium chloride (Ajax Finechem, New Zealand), ethanol (EMSURE®, Germany), ferric chloride (Fisher Scientific, UK), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (Carlo Erba, France), gallic acid (Fluka, Spain), glacial acetic acid (QRëC, New Zealand), hydrochloric acid (Ajax Finechem, Australia), methanol (Fisher Scientific, UK), and quercetin (Sigma-Aldich, Germany).
8
Quantitative Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
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Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, calcium chloride, citric acid, aluminum chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium hydroxide, and RPE methanol were purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Milan, Italy).
Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, t-ferulic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin, and apigenin-7-O-glucoside were purchased from Extrasynthèse (Geney, France) and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
HPLC-grade solvents and water purified using a Milli-Q system (Millipore Corp., Billerica, MA, USA) were used in HPLC analysis.
Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, t-ferulic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin, and apigenin-7-O-glucoside were purchased from Extrasynthèse (Geney, France) and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
HPLC-grade solvents and water purified using a Milli-Q system (Millipore Corp., Billerica, MA, USA) were used in HPLC analysis.
9
Quantification of Polyphenols in Food
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TPC were determined in NO-US, US, and C-US extracts and in pasta as follows. Control and artichoke pasta samples were finely ground under liquid nitrogen, then 10 g of sample were added of 25 mL ethanol:water (70:30, v/v). The suspension was stirred for 1 h in the dark at room temperature, then centrifuged at 9000 g for 5 min. The supernatant was recovered, whereas the solid residue was submitted to a second extraction in the same conditions. The obtained pasta extracts, as well as NO-US, US, and C-US extracts were then filtered on 0.22 μm regenerated cellulose filters (LLG Labware, Meckenheim, Germany), before being submitted to Folin-Ciocalteu reaction as in Gambacorta et al. (2012) . Briefly, in a test tube, 100 μL of extract were added of 500 μL water, 100 μL Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (Carlo Erba, Milano, Italy) and, after 5 min, 500 μL of 10% (w/v) Na2CO3. The absorbance was measured at 700 nm after 90 min, by means of a Beckman Coulter DU 800 spectrophotometer (Beckman Instruments Inc., Fullerton, CA, USA). Gallic acid standard solutions at a concentration ranging from 0.08 to 0.002 mg mL -1 (R 2 = 0.9989) were used for the calibration. The results were expressed as gallic acid equivalents.
10
Antioxidant Potential Determination
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Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was supplied from Fisher Chemicals (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK), while yeast extract and bactopeptone were ordered from Biolife (Milano, Italy) and sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate (Na2HPO4·7 H2O) was product of Acros Organics (Verona, Spain). Acetonitrile was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), formic acid from Sigma Aldrich (Munich, Germany), cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside from Extrasynthese (Genay, France), ethanol and sodium carbonate anhydrous (Na2CO3) from Centrohem (Stara Pazova, Serbia), and hydrochloric acid (HCl; 36.2%) from Zorka Pharma (Sabac, Serbia). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent was purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Emmendingen, Germany), sodium carbonate anhydrous (Na2CO3) from Centrohem (Stara Pazova, Serbia), and gallic acid, 2,2-dyphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ascorbic acid, sodium acetate, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-(S)-triazine (TPTZ), sodium acetate trihydrate, iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3∙6H2O), iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4∙7H2O), and citric acid were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Munich, Germany).
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