Mz125

Fossils specimens were photographed using a digital camera (D3X-Nikon with Nikon Micro-Nikkor 60 mm lens) and measured (lengths, distances, angles) from high-resolution digital images by using Image J, a public domain processing program. Polished and lithological thin sections were made using standard methods and observed under binocular stereo-microscope (Leica MZ125 and Leica DM750P). Elemental maps were acquired using a Tornado M4 micro-XRF system (Bruker, Germany) equipped with a silicon drift detector and a Rh source operating at 50 kV and 600 µA. A spot size of 40 µm was employed with dwell times of 7 ms/pixel, and mapping was performed under vacuum. Image processing included spectral deconvolution and 3-pixel averaging. Tomographic images of ROMIP 57013 were obtained via the same methods and with the same machine as in Kouraiss et al.^{69 (link)}.

The morphological terminology and measurements used in this study follow Yang and Yeh (1994) and Song and Liang (2007) . Material examined here is deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC). Dry specimens were used for the observations, descriptions, and illustrations. Genital segments of the examined specimens were macerated in boiling solution of 10% NaOH and drawn from preparations in glycerin jelly under a Leica MZ12.5 stereomicroscope. Color pictures for adult habitus were obtained by a KEYENCE VHX-1000 system. Illustrations were scanned with Canon Cano Scan LiDE 200 and imported into Adobe Photoshop CS6 for labeling and plate composition. Terminology of morphology, genital characters, and measurements follow Song and Liang (2013).
The following abbreviations are used in the text:
BL body length (from apex of cephalic process to tip of fore wings);
HL head length (from apex of cephalic process to base of eyes);
HW head width (including eyes);
FWL
forewing length;
GUGC Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.

Light microscopy was used to count the number of antennomeres. The antennae were excised from the heads of newly emerged adults, cold anaesthetized. The scales were removed and observed under a stereo microscope (MZ 125; Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) (n = 20; sex ratio, 1:1).

This study was based on hind wing images (see Suppl. material 1) of 96 specimens (eleven subtribes, 81 genera, 94 species) of Chrysomelinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) to obtain landmark data. There were 94 species, 81 genera included in this study; each genus included one to three species. There was two species with two specimens from different geographical locations. There were 96 specimens in 94 species. The leaf beetle specimens were deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The specimens were examined and dissected to obtain hind wings using a LEICA MZ 12.5 dissecting microscope. Pictures of the wings were obtained with a D500s Nikon camera connected to a stereoscope (Zeiss Stereo Discovery V12). The collection and subtribe information of 96 leaf beetle specimens is presented in Suppl. material 2.

Smurf assays were conducted according to Dambroise et al. [47 (link)] by placing zebrafish larvae in 50 mL Falcon tubes containing 2.5% blue #1 (erioglaucine disodium salt, Sigma) for 30 min at room temperature. They were then rinsed under aquarium water until no more blue coloration could be found in the eluate, anesthetized in 0.016% tricaine (MS-222; 3-amino benzoic acid ethyl ester, Sigma) and imaged on a bright-field stereomicroscope (Leica MZ125) equipped with a Leica DFC295 digital camera. After imaging, DNA was extracted for genotyping analyses.

Seedlings were incubated on the surface of vertically oriented 1/2 MS medium containing 1% sucrose and 0.8% gelrite. Rectangular Petri dishes were used to let the root tips encounter the frame of the dishes at an angle of 90^∘ several days after sowing. One day after the extreme root tips had reached the frame, photographs were taken with a digital camera (Canon, EOS40D, Tokyo) under a stereomicroscope (Leica, MZ12.5).

The morphological terminology follows Chan and Yang (1994) and Bourgoin et al. (2015) (link), except those for male genitalia following Gnezdilov (2003) . Dry specimens were observed by stereoscopic microscope Leica M125 for illustration and description. All measurements are in millimeters (mm). The genital segments were separated and macerated in 10% NaOH, transferred to glycerine for observing and drawing. Illustrations of the specimens were made with a Leica MZ 12.5 stereomicroscope. Photographs of the types were taken by KEYENCE VHX-1000C.
The type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC) and one paratype of Neohemisphaeriusclavatus Yang & Chen, sp. nov. in the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH).