Pressure volume system mpvs 400

Mice were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (6 mg/kg, i.p.) for cardiac echocardiography using an ultrasound machine (Vivid 7, GE Medical System, Milwaukee, WI, United States). The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), interventricular septal thickness at diastole (IVSD), LVESd, and LVEDd were calculated from the M-mode recording. Hemodynamics were measured in anesthetized (1.5% isoflurane) mice using cardiac catheterization. A microtip catheter transducer (SPR-839; Millar Instruments, Houston, TX, United States) was inserted into the right carotid artery and then advanced into the LV. Fifteen minutes after stabilization, pressure signals and the heart rate were continuously recorded with a Millar Pressure-Volume System (MPVS-400; Millar Instruments) coupled with a Powerlab/4SP A/D converter and then stored and displayed on a personal computer. Data were processed using the PVAN data analysis software.

Left ventricular function was evaluated by echocardiography and catheter-based measurements of hemodynamic parameters. Briefly, after each rat was anaesthetized with chloral hydrate 10%, echocardiography was carried out using a Mylab 30CV (ESAOTE SpA; Florence, Italy) equipped with a 10-MHz linear array ultrasound transducer. Left ventricle (LV) dimensions were averaged from more than five cardiac cycles assessed in the parasternal short-axis view during systole or diastole. Interventricular septum thickness at diastole (IVSd) and left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWd) were measured from the M-mode tracing with a sweep speed of 50 mm/s at the mid-papillary muscle level.
For hemodynamic measurements, after the induction of anesthesia with 1.5% isoflurane, a microtip catheter transducer (SPR-839, Millar Instruments; Houston, TX, USA) was inserted into the left ventricle of the rat via the right carotid artery. The signals were recorded using a Millar Pressure-Volume System (MPVS-400, Millar Instruments), and the end-diastolic pressure (EDP), end-systolic volume (ESV), time constant of isovolumic pressure decay (Tau_w), stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF), and cardiac output (CO) were analyzed using PVAN data analysis software (Millar Instruments).

MyLab 30CV (Esaote) echocardiography and a 15 MHz ultrasound probe were used for cardiac function detection. M-mode ultrasound and pulsed Doppler ultrasound were used. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular shortening fraction (LVSF) were calculated by measuring the size of the ventricular cavity and the thickness of the ventricular wall.
The mice were anesthetized with 1.5% isoflurane. After the feet of the mice did not respond to stimulation, left cardiac catheterization was used to measure the cardiac hemodynamic data of the mice. The catheter was inserted into the right carotid artery of the mouse and then sent to the left ventricle. The hemodynamic data of the left ventricle of the mouse during diastole and contraction were monitored using the Millar pressure volume system (mpvs-400; Millar instruments) (Powerlab/4SP A/D converter). PVAN software was used to process data.

Randomisation was not carried out due to the difference of body weight after HFD. After being anesthetized with 1.5% isoflurane, the mice were subjected to detection of cardiac geometry and function using a MyLab 30CV ultrasound (Esaote SpA, Genoa, Italy) equipped with a 10 MHz linear array ultrasound transducer [9 (link), 15 (link)–17 (link), 19 (link), 20 (link)]. M-mode tracings were recorded from the short axis of the left ventricle (LV) at the level of the papillary muscles. Chamber dimensions and cardiac function were measured based on at least three beats.
LV performance was measured in mice anesthetized with 1.5% isoflurane using a 1.4-French Millar catheter transducer (SPR-839; Millar Instruments, Houston, USA) that was connected to a Millar Pressure-Volume System (MPVS-400; Millar Instruments). We analyzed the obtained data using PVAN data analysis software.

Echocardiography was conducted on mice anaesthetized with 1.5% isoflurane using a MyLab 30CV ultrasound machine (Biosound Esaote, Irvine, CA, USA) with a 10‐MHz linear‐array ultrasound transducer as described previously.25, 26, 27 The LV dimensions were evaluated in the parasternal short‐axis and long‐axis views with a frame rate of 120 Hz. The LV end‐diastolic diameter (LVEDD), ejection fraction (EF), LV end‐systolic diameter (LVESD), and fractional shortening (FS) were determined through M‐mode tracing with a sweeping velocity of 50 mm/s at the midpapillary muscle level.
For hemodynamic evaluation, a microtip catheter transducer (SPR‐839; Millar Instruments, Houston, TX, USA) was inserted into the right carotid artery and guided into the murine LV. Subsequent to a 15‐minute stabilization period, heart rate (HR) and pressure, and volume signals were measured with a Millar Pressure‐Volume System (MPVS‐400; Millar Instruments). Chart 5.0 software (Powerlab, AD Instruments, Shanghai, China) was utilized to analyse the results.

To inspect the cardiac function, echocardiography and haemodynamic monitoring were analysed 4 weeks after AB surgery, as described previously^{44 (link)}. Mice were anaesthetized by 1.5% isoflurane, while the inhalational flow was adjusted to maintain their heart rate at 450–550 beats/min. Transthoracic ultrasonography was performed with a MyLab 30CV ultrasound system (Biosound Esaote, Florence, Italy). The left ventricle (LV) was assessed by M-mode scanning in both parasternal long- and short-axis views at the mid-papillary muscle level. LV internal dimensions and chamber wall thickness at diastole and systole were measured respectively. Invasive haemodynamic monitoring was implemented with a microtip catheter transducer (SPR-839, Millar Instruments, Houston, TX, USA), which was inserted into the right carotid artery and proceeded into the LV. Pressure signals and volume signals were continuously recorded with a Millar Pressure-Volume System (MPVS-400, Millar Instruments) coupled with a Powerlab/4SP A/D converter and then stored and displayed. The data were processed using PVAN data analysis software.