Acetyl l carnitine

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Acetyl-L-carnitine is a chemical compound that is a derivative of the amino acid L-carnitine. It is used as a laboratory reagent and may have applications in various research and industrial processes. The core function of Acetyl-L-carnitine is to facilitate the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria for energy production.

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Lab products found in correlation

Close spelling variants of this product

Acetyl-d3-L-carnitine hydrochloride (3 citations) Acetyl l-carnitine (ALCAR) (2 citations) L-carnitine (108 citations) Carnitine (61 citations)

12 protocols using acetyl l carnitine

Neuroprotective Compounds Evaluation

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Murine 2.5S NGF (mNGF) purified from male mouse submaxillary glands was purchased from Promega Inc. (Madison WI, USA). Resveratrol (RSV), quercetin (QRC), curcumin (CRC), lycopene (LYC), alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), Oliplus (OLP, a mixture containing hydroxytyrosol), green tea extract (GTE), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were from Nutraceutica srl (Monterenzio, Bologna, Italy). Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR), Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), and selenium (Sel) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. β-III tubulin antibody was from Millipore. MitoTracker Red/Green and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) were purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR).

Amara F., Berbenni M., Fragni M., Leoni G., Viggiani S., Ippolito V.M., Larocca M., Rossano R., Alberghina L., Riccio P, & Colangelo A.M. (2015). Neuroprotection by Cocktails of Dietary Antioxidants under Conditions of Nerve Growth Factor Deprivation. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2015, 217258.

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Acetyl-L-Carnitine Oral Administration for CRS

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LAC (acetyl-L-carnitine, Sigma Aldrich) was orally administered, at a concentration of 0.3% dissolving the drug in the drinking water, for 3 days prior to the end of CRS. Additional animal groups were used to assure that the animals’ fluid intake and hydration state were not altered by the oral LAC administration. This was carried out evaluating the skin turgor, body weight and daily food and fluid consumption for 3 days. C57black 6N male mice in the LAC treatment group showed a fluid intake with an average of 4,5ml per day per mouse as non-stressed control animals. For example, when housed 4 per cage, the fluid intake per cage show an average of about 18ml regardless of the stress and LAC treatment.

Lau T., Bigio B., Zelli D., McEwen B, & Nasca C. (2016). Stress-induced structural plasticity of medial amygdala stellate neurons and rapid prevention by a candidate antidepressant. Molecular psychiatry, 22(2), 227-234.

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Ketamine and ALCAR Protocol

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Ketamine hydrochloride was purchased from Vedco, Inc. (St. Joseph, MO, USA). Acetyl L-carnitine (ALCAR) and other reagents were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA) unless stated otherwise. ALCAR stock (1 M) solutions were made fresh with buffered egg water.

Robinson B.L., Dumas M., Ali S.F., Paule M.G., Gu Q, & Kanungo J. (2017). Mechanistic studies on ketamine-induced mitochondrial toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 69, 63-72.

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Senescence and Oxidative Stress Analysis

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Recombinant mouse TGF-β1 and Senescence β-Galactosidase Staining Kit were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). MitoSOX™ Red superoxide indicator, L-glutamine, ProlongH Gold antifade reagent with DAPI and DMEM were purchased from Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Acetyl-L-carnitine, β-glycerophosphate and Oil Red O were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). DAB Substrate Kit, PE-conjugated CD44 antibody, FITC-conjugated CD90 antibody, 4-HNE, SOD2, β-actin primary antibodies and HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Alkaline phosphatase antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). HyClone Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Cleveland, OH, USA). ECL Western-blotting substrate was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Rockford, IL, USA). The PVDF membrane was purchased from GE healthcare (Pittssburgh, PA, USA).

Wu J., Niu J., Li X., Wang X., Guo Z, & Zhang F. (2014). TGF-β1 induces senescence of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via increase of mitochondrial ROS production. BMC Developmental Biology, 14, 21.

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Immunohistochemical and Western Blot Analysis

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We purchased the antibodies to von Willibrand Factor (vWF), Caspase-1from Abcam (Cambridge, MA), antibody to NLRP3 from Lifespan Biosciences (Seattle, WA), antibody to IL-1 from Abgent (San Deigo, CA),and antibodies-actin and CD68 from Millipore (Billerica, MA).All secondary Alexa Fluor antibodies and Flou-3 were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA).Hematoxylin and Eosin were purchased from Surgipath (Richmond, IL). Cholesterol, Oil Red O, Propylene glycol, acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), Atorvastatin (AVS),Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and cytochalasin D (phagocytosis inhibitor) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The IL-1ELISA kit was from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN).The caspase inhibitor, z-YVAD-fmk was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Please see Table 1 for details of the antibodies source, catalogue numbers, and dilutions factors that were used for immunohistochemical staining and western blotting analyses.

Abdul-Muneer P.M., Alikunju S., Mishra V., Schuetz H., Szlachetka A.M., Burnham E.L, & Haorah J. (2017). Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by cholesterol crystalsin alcohol consumption induces atherosclerotic lesions. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 62, 291-305.

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Deuterated Analogue Characterization for Mass Spectrometry

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Deuterated analogues of acetylcholine (ACh-d₉) and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid
(CHCA-d₄) were obtained from CDN isotopes
(Essex, UK) and Ubichem (Budapest, Hungary), respectively. Trifluoroacetic
acid (TFA) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) were purchased from
Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The solvents water, methanol, and acetonitrile
were HPLC grade (VWR, Stockholm, Sweden). Cytidine diphosphate choline
(CDP-choline), carnosine, acetyl-l-carnitine, 9-aminoacridine
(9AA), 2,4-diphenyl-pyranylium tetrafluoroborate (DPP-TFB), and triethylamine
(TEA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Stockholm, Sweden). Hydroxy-tacrine
maleate was purchased from BioNordika (Stockholm, Sweden) and dl-α-tocopherol succinate was kindly provided
by the lab of Prof. Per Artursson. The reactive matrix FMP-10 was
produced in-house, as previously described.^{49 (link)}

Vallianatou T., Shariatgorji R., Nilsson A., Karlgren M., Hulme H., Fridjonsdottir E., Svenningsson P, & Andrén P.E. (2021). Integration of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Machine Learning Visualizes Region-Specific Age-Induced and Drug-Target Metabolic Perturbations in the Brain. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 12(10), 1811-1823.

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Acetyl-L-Carnitine Oral Administration for CRS

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Ketamine and ALCAR Protocol

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Ketamine hydrochloride was purchased from Vedco, Inc. (St. Joseph, MO, USA). Acetyl l-carnitine (ALCAR) was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents used in this study were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA) unless mentioned otherwise.

Robinson B.L., Dumas M., Cuevas E., Gu Q., Paule M.G., Ali S.F, & Kanungo J. (2016). Distinct effects of ketamine and acetyl l-carnitine on the dopamine system in zebrafish. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 54, 52-60.

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Ketamine and ALCAR Synergistic Effects

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Ketamine hydrochloride was purchased from Vedco, Inc. (St. Joseph, MO, USA). Acetyl L-carnitine (ALCAR) and CsA were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). ALCAR stock (1 M) solutions were made fresh with buffered egg water. CsA stock (10 mM) was prepared using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the solvent. All other reagents used in this study were purchased from Sigma unless mentioned otherwise.

Robinson B.L., Dumas M., Ali S.F., Paule M.G., Gu Q, & Kanungo J. (2017). Cyclosporine exacerbates ketamine toxicity in zebrafish: Mechanistic studies on drug-drug interaction. Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, 37(12), 1438-1447.

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Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling Protocol

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Acetylcholine, acetyl-d3-L-carnitine hydrochloride, acetyl-Lcarnitine, adrenic acid, L-carnitine, Lcitrulline, dodecanoic acid, (-)-epicatechin, gallic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, glycocholic acid-(glycyl-1-13C) monohydrate, α-hydroxyisobutyric acid, indole-3-acetic-2,2-d2 acid, Lisoleucine, 7-ketocholesterol, L-leucine, leukotriene B4, margaric acid, palmitic acid, Lphenylalanine, stearic acid, syringic acid, L-tryptophan, uric acid, and L-valine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 4-hydroxyhippuric acid was purchased from PhytoLab GmbH and Co KG (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany), naringenin from Extrasynthèse (Genay, France), and arachidonic acid from Cymit Quimica (Barcelona, Spain). UHPLC-MS-grade methanol, acetone, formic acid, and HPLC-grade acetonitrile were purchased from Scharlau Chemie S.A. (Barcelona, Spain). Ultrapure water (Milli-Q) was obtained from a Milli-Q Gradient A10 system (Millipore, Bedford, MA).

Marco-Ramell A., Tulipani S., Palau-Rodriguez M., Gonzalez-Dominguez R., Miñarro A., Jauregui O., Sanchez-Pla A., Macias-Gonzalez M., Cardona F., Tinahones F.J, & Andres-Lacueva C. (2018). Untargeted Profiling of Concordant/Discordant Phenotypes of High Insulin Resistance and Obesity To Predict the Risk of Developing Diabetes. Journal of proteome research, 17(7).

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