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7 protocols using ab174309

1

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Rev-Erbα

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Rev-Erbα was measured by incubation with anti-Rev-Erbα (Abcam, ab174309, rabbit anti-mouse, 1:200) and F4/80 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, Lot: 4339486 rat anti-mouse, 1:100) respectively, via manufacturer’s protocol for 1 h at room temperature, followed by a 1 h incubation at room temperature with 2 µg/mL goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated with Cy5 (Jackson Immunoresearch) to be paired with the goat anti-rat IgG conjugated with Cy3 (Jackson Immunoresearch). A Hoechst nuclear stain (Sigma, B-2883) was applied at room temperature for 30 s followed by a single rinse of PBS to remove excess dye. Imaging conditions were maintained at identical settings with original gating performed using the negative control (no primary antibody). Images were taken from three random fields at 20 × 2 zoom with a Nikon A1 confocal microscope (purchased with 1S10OD019973-01 awarded to Dr. Simon C. Watkins). Quantification was performed using General Analysis Software on NIS Elements (Nikon).
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2

Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analysis

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RIPA lysis buffer containing phosphorylase inhibitors, cocktails, and PMSF was used to digest tissue for protein extraction. Western blotting was performed as described previously [26 (link)]. The following primary antibodies were used: rabbit anti-NR1D1 (ab174309, Abcam), rabbit anti-NR1D1 (14506-1-AP, Proteintech), rabbit anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (25859-1-AP, Proteintech), rabbit anti-IBA1 (10904-1-AP, Proteintech), mouse anti-GFAP (60190-1-Ig, Proteintech), rabbit anti-NF-κB p65 (#8242, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-phospho-NF-κB p65 (#3033, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-NLRP3 (BA3677, BOSTER), mouse anti-ASC (sc-514414, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit anti-caspase-1 (22915-1-AP, Proteintech), rabbit anti-IL-1β (A16288, ABclone), rabbit anti-IL6 (A0286, ABclone), mouse anti-actin (66009-1-Ig, Proteintech), mouse anti-TNF Alpha (60291-1-Ig, Proteintech), rabbit anti-iNOS (22226-1-AP, Proteintech), rabbit anti-IL-18 (10663-1-AP, Proteintech), mouse anti-Arginase-1 (66129-1-Ig, Proteintech), rabbit anti-CD163 (16646-1-AP, Proteintech), rat anti-CD68 (MCA1957, BIO-RAD), Anti-Alpha-synuclein (ab138501, Abcam).
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3

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Rev-erbα and Tff1

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Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were cut int 4 μm sections which were deparaffinized with xylene and rehydrated through a graded series of alcohols. The tissue sections were placed in a repair box filled with citric acid antigen retrieval solution, and antigen retrieval was performed in a microwave oven. The slides were washed 3 times with PBS after natural cooling, 5 min each time and then, blocking was done with 3% BSA in PBS buffer for 30 min. Tissues were incubated with primary antibodies against Rev-erbα (ab174309, Abcam) and Tff1 (ab92377, Abcam) at 1 : 200 dilutions overnight at 4°C in humidified chambers followed by incubation with the corresponding secondary antibody for 60 min at room temperature in the dark. The slides were mounted with resin after dropping an appropriate amount of an antifluorescence quencher on the tissue. Fluorescence was detected with fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescence was detected by using a LEICA TCS NT laser confocal microscope.
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4

Evaluating NR1D1 and BMAL1 Expression in Cartilage

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Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess protein expression patterns in human and mouse cartilage using anti-NR1D1 antibody (Abcam ab174309, Cambridge, MA) and anti-BMAL1 antibody (Thermo Scientific PA1-523, Waltham, MA). Rabbit IgG (1 μg/ml) was used as a negative control in all experiments. For human cartilage, expression patterns were compared between normal and OA samples. In C57 BL/6 mice, we analyzed young normal and aged knees as a model of aging-related OA. We also analyzed knees from mice with surgically induced OA by destabilization of medial meniscus and medial collateral ligament resection 36 (link). The methods for tissue processing and immunohistochemistry were described earlier 36 (link).
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5

Histological and Immunofluorescence Analysis of Carotid Arteries

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The carotid arteries specimens were embedded in the OCT compound and serially sectioned (5 μm). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson's trichrome, and Sirius red staining were performed according to the manufacturers' protocols (Sigma). To evaluate the lipid content in the vasculature, sections were stained with oil red O, using Mayer's hematoxylin (Sigma) as the counter stain.
For immunofluorescence analysis, serial paraffin sections were incubated with different primary antibodies overnight at 4°C, followed by the corresponding fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies for detection. The following primary antibodies were used: rat monoclonal antibody against CD68 (Abcam, ab53444), rabbit monoclonal antibody against NLRP3 (Abcam, ab270449), rabbit monoclonal antibody against IL-1β (Abcam, ab234437), rabbit polyclonal antibody against caspase-1 (ABclonal, A16792), and rabbit monoclonal antibody against NR1D1 (Abcam, ab174309). After they reacted with the corresponding Alexa Fluor 488 or 594-conjugated secondary antibodies (Invitrogen), DAPI was added to visualize nuclei. Fluorescent images were acquired with a laser scanning confocal microscope (Leica TCS SP8, Leica Microsystems). All the images and staining intensities were acquired and measured with Image-Pro Plus 6.0 (Media Cybernetics Inc.).
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6

Klebsiella pneumoniae Growth Kinetics and Interventions

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Klebsiella pneumoniae strain 43816, serotype 2 (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) was grown in tryptic soy broth overnight at 37°C. A total of 200 µL of this overnight culture was inoculated into fresh tryptic soy broth and grown for 1.5 h. A standard growth curve of bacterial culture measured by absorbance at 600 nm was generated to determine mid-log phase of growth as we previously have done.15 (link),16 (link) Inoculum concentration, measured in CFU, was determined by serial 10-fold dilutions of bacteria plated on tryptic soy agar plates. Bacteria were resuspended in PBS before use.
Antibodies for Rev-Erbα (ab174309) and tubulin (ab4074) were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). α-Bungarotoxin was obtained from Tocris (21331), dissolved in deionized water and administered i.p. at a dose concentration of 1 µg/kg. The Rev-Erbα agonist SR9009 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was dissolved in vehicle (15% Kollifor) and administered i.p. at a dose concentration of 100 mg/kg.
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7

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Cellular Markers

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GEFs of the third generation were subjected to immunofluorescence staining as previously described (24 (link), 33 (link)). Briefly, the GEFs were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at 25°C for 20 min, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 30 min, and subsequently blocked for 30 min with 5% bovine serum albumin at 25°C. The GEFs were then incubated with anti-vimentin (a marker of stromal cells, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA, ab8978, 1:100), anti-cytokeratin (a marker of epithelial cells, Abcam, ab181597, 1:100), anti-BMAL1 (Abcam, ab93806, 1:100), or anti-NR1D1 (Abcam, ab174309, 1:100) antibodies diluted in PBS at 4°C for 24 h. After washing, the cells were treated with PBS containing fluorescein-conjugated secondary antibody (1:200, Thermo Fisher, Shanghai, China) and DAPI (blue), and the immunostaining signal was detected using a fluorescence microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
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